Yuav ua li cas kho qhov muag ua haujlwm?

Oct 24, 2025|

Thaum cov ntaub ntawv nruab nrab ntws 4k yees duab rau ntau lab ntawm cov neeg siv ib txhij, lossis thaum Ai qauv qauv Terabytes ua tau nws txhua qhov ua tau: qauv kho qhov muag. Tab sis ntawm no yog dab tsi ua rau kuv xav tsis thoob thaum kuv pib khawb rau hauv cov thev naus laus zis {{}} Cov lus piav qhia feem ntau pom tseebabtsisCheebtsam muaj, tsis yogli casLub kaw lus yeej xav thiab yoog nyob rau hauv tiag - lub sij hawm.

Tom qab tshuaj xyuas cov ntaub ntawv los ntawm ntau dua 20 lab cov khoom siv kho tshiab hauv 2024 thiab xam phaj cov kws kho mob hypirale tsis yog passive conventers. Lawv tau txhais cov ntsiab lus ntse uas ua rau cais {{3} Kev tswj cov ntaub ntawv thib ob, thiab kev ua yuam kev hauv internet zoo li tus pepier pigeon.

Lub ntiaj teb kev ua haujlwm thoob ntiaj teb tau nce $ 9.4 billion hauv 2024 thiab tau nrawm rau $ 23.9 nphom feem ntau los ntawm AI infrastructure thiab 800g cov kev tshawb fawb (kev nkag siab kev ua lag luam (kev nkag siab kev ua lag luam (kev nkag siab kev ua lag luam (kev nkag siab kev ua lag luam (kev nkag siab kev ua lag luam (kev nkag siab kev ua lag luam (kev nkag siab kev ua lag luam (kev nkag siab kev ua lag luam (kev nkag siab ua lag luam Txawm li cas los xij cov ntaub ntawv feem ntau tau kho cov cuab yeej siv no zoo li thawv dub. Peb hloov ntawd.

optical modules

Ua ntej peb dhia mus rau hauv cov khoom siv thiab circuits, Kuv xav qhia lub moj khaum uas tau pab kuv thaum kawgtauYuav ua li cas cov cuab yeej ua haujlwm tiag tiag. Cov khoom feem ntau dhia ncaj nraim rau hauv kev hais lus txog TOSAs thiab Rosas- cov kua zaub kua zaub uas koj tsis meej pem dua li enlightened.

Xav txog lub tshuab kho qhov muag ua haujlwm raws li kev ua haujlwm hauv peb qhov sib txawv tab sis cuam tshuam nrog cov khaubncaws sab nraud povtseg:

Txheej 1: Kev hloov pauv teeb liab- Cov kev hloov pauv ntawm cov hluav taws xob thiab kho kho kho kho kho kho kho kho
Txheej Txheej 2: Kev Txawj Ntse- Tiag {{- lub sij hawm cim kev mob, sij hawm rov ua haujlwm, thiab tswj yuam kev
Txheej Txheem 3: Kev sib xyaw ua ke- xuas tes ua nrog cov cuab yeej siv network thiab kev soj ntsuam tas mus li

Qhov no tsis yog tsuas yog rov ua dua. Txhua txhua txheej muaj qhov sib txawv ntawm kev ua si, cov qauv tsis sib xws, thiab cov tswv yim tsim kho kom zoo. To taub cov lus qhia no, koj tsis tuaj yeem sib pauv ib qho 10km module rau 40km ib {{}}} Lawv ua cov lus txiav txim siab sib txawv ntawm txheej 2.

Cia kuv taug kev koj los ntawm txhua txheej, pib nrog pom feem ntau tab sis tsawg kawg to taub: kev hloov pauv teeb liab.

Hluav Taws Xob Cov Hluav Taws Xob Ntaus Ib Phab Ntsa Ib Ncig 10 meters. Kuv paub tias peb nyiam xav txog peb tus tooj liab cables ua cov ua haujlwm txhim khu kev qha, tab sis lub physics yog kev lim hiam. Ntawm 100 Gbps, cov cim hluav taws xob degradade nrawm heev uas txawm tias lub meter ntawm tooj liab yuav tsum tau sib cav sib ceg thiab tseem tsis tau ua haujlwm.

Kev cim kho qhov muag? Lawv tuaj yeem taug kev 100 tus km ntawm tib lub nrawm nrog tsawg dua li cov kev paub tooj liab hauv 10 meters. Qhov ntawd tsis yog marginal txhim kho- Nws yog qhov sib txawv ntawm lub cev.

Tab sis ntawm no yog cov ntes: cov koos pij tawj xav tias hauv cov tshuab hluav taws xob, fiber ntau hauv photons, thiab ob qho tsis hais tib yam lus. Ntawd yog qhov twg lub tshuab kho qhov muag los nyob rau hauv. Nws tsis yog ib qho hloov pauv txhais tau tias yog kom khaws txhua cov ntaub ntawv thaum lub sijhawm hloov pauv nruab nrab.

Inside the transmitter optical sub-assembly (TOSA)-the part that creates light-there's a dance between four components that happens billions of times per second.

Lub Laser DIode tsav tsheb (LDD)Tau txais digital voltage teeb tsa los ntawm tus tswv tsev. Nyob rau hauv niaj hnub 800g modules tso rau hauv 2024, cov phiajcim no tuaj txog ntawm 200 gigabaud toj ib kab (Cignal Ai, 2025). Qhov LDD txoj haujlwm yog los hloov cov volfage viav rau cov pulses tam sim no vim tias lasers teb rau tam sim no, tsis yog qhov hluav taws xob tam sim no

Vim li cas cov teeb meem no? Lasers yog npau taws xob. Pub lawv cov ntaub ntawv tsis yog tam sim no thiab lawv yuav ua rau lub teeb tsis ruaj khov lossis hlawv tawm hauv lub lim tiam tsis pub dhau ntawm lawv 100 {4} teev lub neej. Tus LDD tau ua kom haum txhua lub mem tes tam sim no kom phim cov yam ntxwv uas muaj tseeb - ib qho ntsuas hluav taws xob nrog kub, muaj hnub nyoog, thiab txawm tias tsim kom muaj kev thev taus.

Lub laser nws tus kheejyog qhov twg cov khawv koob tshwm sim. Nyob rau hauv luv -}}}} meters), koj yuav pom cov vcsels {}} em}} emitting lasers ua haujlwm ntawm 850nm. Cov no yog semiconductor cov qauv uas tshuab hluav taws xob thiab tshuab hluav taws xob nyob rau hauv ib qho chaw me me, tso duab rau ntawm lub nthwv dej.

Rau qhov ncua ntev dua, ntug {- emitting lasers (eels) ntawm 1310nm noj. Vim li cas lub wavelwach sib txawv? Physics muab khoom plig rau peb: Fiber ntau muaj "Qhov rai kev kis tau" kis tau tus mob "Qhov twg teeb liab poob zuj zus. Thaum 850nm, koj poob txog 2.5 dB ib mais. Thaum 1550nm, uas poob rau tsuas yog 0.2 dB ib mais - ntau dua li 10 x txhim kho.

Cov kev ua tau zoo tshaj plaws tam sim no siv electro - pa nqus cov laser (EMLS) uas ua ke ntawm laser thiab modulator ntawm ib nti. Qhov teeb meem no vim tias hauv cov qauv tsim qauv, lub laser khiav tsis tu ncua thiab sab nraud modulator thaiv lossis hla lub teeb. EMLS hloov kho los ntawm kev hloov lawv cov khoom nqus kev tshem tawm -}} Xav tau tsawg zog thiab tsim cov cua sov tsawg dua.

Thaum tshav kub kub yog tus yeeb ncuab. Txhua txhua 10℃nce nyob rau hauv laser kub tuaj yeem txo cov zis hluav taws xob los ntawm 3 db thiab hloov lub nthwv dej los ntawm 0.08nm. Hauv Wavel Wavelength Division multiplexing (DWDM) cov ntaub ntawv uas cov ntaub ntawv deb li cas yog 0.8nm sib nrug, uas nthwv dej tau ua rau crosstalk nrog nyob ib sab.

Tias yog vim li cas ntau ntev -}}}} Lub thawv cua txias (tecs)} Cov tecs no haus 2-4 watts tsuas yog rau kev tswj qhov kub thiab txias, uas yog vim li cas koj yuav pom stark sib txawv hauv lub zog txias thiab uncooled Modules (Laser Focus World, 2025).

Coupling OpticsTom qab ntawd nqa cov roj laser laser thiab ua rau hauv cov cheeb tsam fiber ntau uas yog li 9} hom fiber ntau- txog 1/10 lub thickness ntawm tib neeg cov plaub hau. Cov kev ua kom muaj kev tiv thaiv yog ntsuas hauv sub - micron precision. Ib qho kev coj tsis zoo 1-micron ua rau 1 db ntawm kev sib txuas ua, uas tsis zoo li kom txog thaum koj paub tias 3% lub zog.

Nov yog qhov uas silicon photonics yog hloov kho cov kev lag luam. Tsoos kev sib dhos yuav tsum muaj cov ua haujlwm nquag {{1} Cia kom muaj cov fiber ntau thaum ntsuas cov kev tawm suab thiab nrhiav cov haujlwm zoo. Silicon photonics sib xyaw ncaj qha rau ntawm nti, tshem tawm cov phau ntawv sib ncab. Xyoo 2024, silicon photonics modules tau mus txog 1000g kev ua lag luam, nrog kev kwv yees ntawm 20-30% los ntawm 2025 (sib sib zog nqus module lag luam, Cuaj hlis 2024).

Tus tau txais Optical sau - kev sib dhos (rosa) ua rau pom cov teeb liab rov qab uas tej zaum yuav tau mus ncig 100 kilgeters thiab poob 99.99% ntawm nws lub zog qub.

Tus photodetectorFeem ntau yog ib qho PINOdiode (rau luv / nruab nrab ncav cuag) lossis ib qho avalanche photodiode (APD) kom ntev mus txog. Apds muaj sab hauv tau - Thaum lub photon ntaus lawv, lawv tsim ntau lub tshuab hluav taws xob- lub qhov ntawm kev cuam tshuam ionization. Qhov kev ua kom zoo tshaj plaws hauv kev ua kom zoo nkauj no yog qhov tseem ceeb thaum tau txais cov hluav taws xob kho qhov muag hauv qab - 30 dbm (ib-lab ntawm milliwatt).

But there's a problem: photodetectors produce current proportional to light intensity, and that current is tiny-microamps to milliamps. Nws tseem nrov nrov. Thermal suab, ntaus suab nrov, thiab lub suab nrov tshaj plaws txhua tus tuaj yeem faus koj lub teeb liab.

Qhov transimpedance amplifier (Tia)Cov neeg hloov siab uas me me tam sim no mus rau hauv kev siv voltage usable {{}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}} suab nrov. Qhov kev sib tw? Nws yuav tsum tau kom muaj kev ua kom muaj cov lus teb tsis muaj zog thoob plaws hauv bandwidths loj. Lub 100g module xav tau tia uas ua tsis xwm yeem los ntawm DC rau 50 GHz. Kev sib txawv thiab koj tau txais teeb liab distortion.

Cov cim niaj hnub siv cov qauv tsim qauv thiab ua tib zoo ua kom ua tiav cov duab hauv qab no 20 teev / √hz ntawm chav tsev kub. Ntawd yog yuav luag ntawm theoretical Quantum txwv los ntawm photon txheeb cais.

Qhov txwv tsis pub tshaj tawm (LA)Tom qab ntawd coj TIA cov zis - uas txawv nyob rau hauv lub hwj chim raws li tau txais lub zog {}- amplitude teeb liab. Xav txog nws raws li qhov kev tswj kav ib txwm muaj tshwm sim hauv lub qhov muag {{} - Electrical sau.

Qhov no yog qhov twg kho qhov muag qhia lawv cov kev paub tseeb. Yog txheej 1 yog hais txog physics, txheej 2 yog hais txog kev txawj ntse.

Lub moos thiab cov ntaub ntawv rov qab (cdr) Circuit Court ua dab tsi uas kuv xav txog ze {{}} khawv koob. Nws tau txais cov ntaub ntawv ntws tawm uas cov khoom hauv lub sijhawm nyob rau hauv lub sijhawm thaum hloov chaw, tab sis tsis muaj teeb meem hauv moos. CDR yuav tsum ua ib txhij mus rau ib txhij extract lub moos thiab rov qab cov ntaub ntawv - ua ob qho tib si los ntawm tib lub teeb liab.

Qhov no yog vim li cas thiaj nyuaj: Tom qab taug kev los ntawm cov lus sib cais thiab kev sib txawv me ntsis Lub duab ci daim duab - cov qauv oscilloscope uas qhia tau cov ntaub ntawv zoo {}}}}}} nws tau kaw cia li 20% ntawm nws qhov qub qhib.

CDR siv ib ntu -} Xauv cov voj (pll) kom tua tsiaj rau lub moos hauv qab. Nws tab tom nrhiav cov qauv rov ua dua hauv cov kev hloov pauv, lub tsev muaj kev ntseeg siab rau qhov twg moos moos yuav tsum yog. Ib zaug muab tub, nws siv tau cov moos rov qab los piv txwv cov ntaub ntawv ntawm lub sijhawm zoo {3} Lub ntsej muag yog qhov qhib siab tshaj plaws.

Xyoo 2024's 800g modules, qhov no tshwm sim ntawm 106.25 GHZ ib txoj kab rau 200G PAM4 cov cim. Lub CDR cov suab nrov yuav tsum tau ua qis dua -140 dbc / hz ntawm 10 mHz offset kom tswj tau ib qho yuam kev (ber) zoo dua ib qho yuam kev ib qho (Frontiers ntawm Optoelectronics, 2023).

Thaum koj tau xa khoom ntawm 800 gbps, quanitum mechanatory granranten yuam kev. PHOTONS tau muaj nuj nqis, thiab qee qhov tshwm sim, lawv yuav nqus tau, tawg, lossis tsuas yog tsis pom. Qhov ntawd tsis yog engineering tsis ua hauj lwm - Nws yog physics.

Xa cov yuam kev txuas ntxiv (FEC) ntxiv redundancy mus ntes thiab kho cov kev ua yuam kev no. Niaj hnub no modules siv reed -} solomon fec lis dej num uas tuaj yeem kho qhov yuam kev mus txog ntau qhov sib law liag. Kev lag luam - tawm yog overhead - Ib feem ntau 7% rau 25% ntxiv rau kev daws teeb meem.

Tab sis ntawm no yog dab tsi fascinates kuv: txawv kev sib tw siv cov tswv yim fec txawv. Luv -}}}}}}} underm) feem ntau Hla FEC nkaus lossis siv lub teeb Rs {} fec nrog 5.6% overhead. Ntev {{6} Mus txog kev txiav txim siab siv cov khoom siv nyuaj (}}.

Tias 12 db nce txhais ncaj qha mus cuag. Tsis muaj FEC, ib nrab ntawm 100g coherent system yuav ua haujlwm rau 600km. Nrog sd - fec, nws ncua rau 2,000km. Tib kho vajtse, kev ua smeeb.

Thaum Ntxov Kho Siab Kho Kom Qhuav Siv Yooj Yim rau - tawm ntawm keying (Ook- xoom} xoom (nrz) encoding. Binary - Lub teeb rau=1, lub teeb tawm {{} yooj yim, muaj zog, tab sis txwv.

Ntawm 100 gbps thiab tshaj, peb ntaus bandwidth txwv. Kev daws teeb meem? Pam4 (4-qib mem tes ua ntu kev tawm tswv yim). Hloov ob theem (ntawm / tawm), PAM4 siv ntau ntau ntau ntau qib encoding ob lub cim ib lub cim. Qhov no halves no txoj kev baud tus nqi rau tib cov ntaub ntawv tus nqi.

Kev ntes? Cov suab nrov ua siab ntev plummets. Hauv NRZ, koj yuav tsum paub qhov txawv ntawm ob theem sib cais los ntawm tag nrho cov teeb liab ntau. Hauv Pam4, koj muaj qhov txawv ntawm plaub theem sib cais los ntawm tsuas yog ib {}} peb ntau qhov ntau. Koj lub teeb liab - rau - suab nrov} suab suab sib npaug yuav tsum muaj triple.

Tias yog vim li cas Pam4 modules haus 20 - 30% muaj zog tshaj li qhov sib npaug ntawm cov paib ua haujlwm thiab cov suab nrov qis dua. Hauv 2024, PAM4 dominated lub 400g / 800g kev ua lag luam, tshwm sim hauv 89% ntawm cov ntaub ntawv tshiab cov ntaub ntawv kev txawj ntse (Mordor txawj ntse, 2025).

Txawm hais tias ntev mus txog, kev sib koom ua ke cov schemes zoo li dp {{}}}}} Qhov no tso cai rau ib lub nthwv wavelength los nqa 100-400 gbps tshaj txhiab mais.

Niaj hnub kev sib koom tes ua ke niaj hnub muaj cov paib digital (DSPs) uas khiav cov kab sib txawv ntawm cov kwj deg. Cov no tsis tas li pauv - Ua haujlwm chips- Lawv tau khiav tawm software uas tuaj yeem hloov kho.

DSP ua yeeb yam:

Chromatic dispersion nyiaj- reversing lub wavelength - Nyob ze lub sij hawm ncua kev sib sau ua ke ntau dhau

Polarization DemmermeXing- cais ob lub pob zeb polarization uas tau txais tig thiab sib xyaw thaum muaj kev kis

Cov cab kuj kwv yees kwv yees- Taug kev thiab tshem tawm Laser Theem Suab nrov

Nonlinear nyiaj- Kho cov nyhuv fiber ntau qhov twg lub teeb siv hluav taws xob hloov kho cov index

Kuv pom qhov zoo tshaj plaws: 400g ZR + Coerent Module muaj A DSP ua 2 trillion ua haujlwm ib thib ob thaum siv tau 12-16 watts. Qhov ntawd yog xam suav kev sib tw ua ke cpus, tab sis ua kom zoo rau kev ua haujlwm txawv kiag li.

Ib qho kho kho kho kho qhov muag tsis ua haujlwm hauv kev rho tawm. Nws yog tas li kev sib txuas lus nrog tus tswv tsev system, saib xyuas nws txoj kev noj qab haus huv, thiab yoog hloov pauv cov xwm txheej.

Txhua txhua cov qauv hloov kho tshiab tshiab uas yog kev soj ntsuam cov qauv kev saib xyuas Interface {}}}}}}} sijhawm telemetry. Lub microcontroller (MCU) sab hauv tus qauv txuas ntxiv:

Qho so(Muaj tseeb rau ± 3 degree)

Muab cov khoom siv hluav taws xob(± 3%)

Laser Bias tam sim no(txhawm rau ntes cov laus - Tam sim no nce li lasers hnub nyoog)

Kev xa khoom siv kho qhov muag(Los ntawm ib tug saib xyuas photodiode)

Tau txais lub zog kho qhov muag(Ntawm lub ntsiab photodiode)

Cov no tsis yog rau kev xav paub. Cov tshuab tswj hwm network siv cov ntaub ntawv no los twv xyuas ua ntej lawv tshwm sim. Hauv kev tshawb fawb ntawm 500,000 cov kws tshawb nrhiav pom tias 73% ntawm kev ua tiav tau ua ntej los ntawm kev ntsuas ntsuas tau 2-4 lub lis piam ua ntej tsis ua hauj lwm (FiberMall, 2023).

Cov paib ceeb toom tshaj plaws? Nce Bias tam sim no. Raws li lasers hnub nyoog, lawv xav tau tam sim no kom muaj kev tawm ntawm qhov kev tawm tshiab. Thaum twg Bias tam sim no ntaus tau 90% ntawm cov chaw tsim khoom tshaj qhov siab tshaj plaws, koj feem ntau yog 1-3 lub hlis los ntawm kev ua tiav.

Ib qho kev sib tw tsis txaus ntseeg: kev hloov kho kho qhov muag yuav tsum muaj sia nyob rau hauv powered - ntawm cov khoom siv. Cov txheej txheem kev sib tw tsim kho tshuab kev co, suab nrov hluav taws xob, thiab lub hwj chim tam sim ntawd- ntawm cov hloov pauv.

Tus module lub zog ua ntu zus ncig ua raws txoj kev ua tib zoo saib xyuas:

Lub zog thaiv kev ruaj khov (2-5ms)

MCU khau looj plab hlaub thiab nyeem calibration cov ntaub ntawv los ntawm EEPROM (10ms)

Laser Bias yog ramped maj mam tiv thaiv cua sov (20ms)

Tus txais kev ncig ua si kom muaj zog

Module cim npaj txhij mus rau tus tswv tsev ntawm Modsell / Modprsl pins

Cov Ntaub Ntawv Sib Kis pib

Tag nrho lub sij hawm los ntawm kev nkag mus rau kev ua haujlwm: 50-200ms, nyob ntawm hom qauv. Nyob rau lub sijhawm no, tus tswv tsev yuav tsum tsis txhob sim cov ntaub ntawv sib kis, lossis koj pheej hmoo tus module lub xeev calibration.

Kho qhov muag kho qhov muag ua haujlwm hauv cov vev xaib uas yog cov qauv:

Daim Ntawv Factor MSA(Mult {-}} Qhov twg los xij ntawm lub cev qhov ntev, pinouts, thiab kev xav tau txhua yam

Ieee 802.3txhais cov ethernet signaling thiab raws tu qauv

Sff CommitteeCov lus qhia tshwj xeeb (SFF-8024, SFF-8636) txhais cov kev tswj hwm kev tswj hwm

Oif(Kev sib tham ua lag luam Interneting

Qhov kev hloov kho no ua rau cuam tshuam kev sib cuam tshuam - Koj tuaj yeem yuav lub tsheb nees 1008 module los ntawm ib tus neeg muag khoom thiab ntsaws rau lwm tus muag khoom, ntseeg nws yuav ua haujlwm. Feem ntau.

Qhov "feem ntau" Caveat yog tiag tiag. Thaum cov khoom siv hluav taws xob thiab kho dua tshiab tau ua qauv, kev siv sab hauv tsis yog. Qhov no ua rau muaj kev hloov pauv tsis meej- sijhawm hloov zuj zus, kev sib txawv hauv kev kuaj mob, hloov pauv hauv cov ntsuas kub.

Hauv 2024, cov teeb meem sib raug zoo tau ua rau muaj kev kwv yees 12% ntawm thawj zaug kev txiav txim siab ntawm cov chaw ntawm 4-6 teev ib qho xwm txheej (Walsun, 2024). Cov kev lag luam tab tom ua haujlwm rau cov kev qhia kom yooj yim, tab sis physics thiab kev lag luam feem ntau muaj kev sib cav.

optical modules

Cia kuv muab cov lej ua kom koj muaj cov lej ua haujlwm los ntawm hyperscale cov khoom xa mus rau thauj tog rau nkoj txhua txoj kev xav no.

Niaj hnub nimno 800g Dr8 module noj kwv yees li 18 {{{}} 22 watts-up los ntawm 3-5 watts rau qub 100g modules. Ntawd yog 4-5 x nce hauv kev ua kom muaj zog tshwm sim hauv tib txoj kev siv lub cev.

Nyob rau hauv ib 32 - chaw nres nkoj 800g hloov, cov qauv ib leeg haus cov 640-700 watts-roughly ib nrab ntawm tag nrho cov hluav taws xob faiv fab nyiaj. Cov chaw zov me nyuam tam sim no siv 30-40% ntawm lawv cov hwj huam kev teeb tsa tsuas yog rau kho qhov muag ntiaj teb (laser tsom rau ntiaj teb, 2025).

Kev lag luam yog teb nrog linar plugable optics (LPO) uas tshem tawm DSP kom txuag tau 3 {}}}}} 5 watts rau ib module. Hauv kev sim, 800g LPO Modules tiav 20 {}}}} met}} met}}}}} pa taws: Cuaj hlis 2024).

Sab hauv qsfp -} hnub lossis OSFP Module ntsuas tsuas yog 8 hli X 8mm, koj tsis haum20+ watts. Ntawd yog lub zog ua tuab ntau tshaj 150 w / cmplin- sib piv rau lub laptop CPU.

The thermal path goes: Chip → Thermal interface material → Module case → Faceplate → Host cage → Airflow. Txhua interface muaj thermal kuj, thiab tag nrho qhov kub tshaj los ntawm kev sib tshuam rau ambient tuaj yeem tshaj 60 degree.

Thaum 800 Gbps thiab saum toj no, yuam cuaflow ntawm 1-2 m / s yog yuav tsum tau ua. Kev ntseeg siab ib leeg tsis tuaj yeem tshem tawm cov cua sov. Nyob rau hauv 2024 xa tawm, tsis txaus huab cua ua rau 18% ntawm thermal shutdown, feem ntau tshwm sim thaum qhov chaw kub tshaj 35℃(Ascentoptics, 2023).

Network cov cuab yeej txiav txim siab 10 ^ {{{- 12 ber (ib qho yuam kev ib qho kev ua haujlwm ntev) raws li qhov pib rau kev lag luam uas tau txais txiaj ntsig. Hauv qab no, tus nqi yuam kev yog tsawg txaus uas cov txheej txheem txheej txheej txheej (TCP, thiab lwm yam) tuaj yeem ua rau lawv tsis pom kev cuam tshuam.

Thaum 800 gbps, koj kis ib lub trillion tej khoom txhua 1.25 vib nas this. Yog li 10 ^ - 12 ber txhais tau tias ntxhib ib qho yuam kev ib ob. Kev yuam kev tom ntej kho feem ntau hom phiaj ua ntej {{11} fec ber ntawm 10 ^-^-fec ber cia rau 10 ^ -15 lossis zoo dua.

Yog tias koj qhov txuas ua haujlwm ntawm 10 ^ - 9 ber {{}}}}} Koj tau txais ntau txhiab tus yuam kev ib ob. TCP Ripransmetics Skyrocket, thov cov ntawv tso tawm latency, thiab kev sib tw tuaj yeem poob 30-50%. Qhov no yog vim li cas tiag tiag saib xyuas ber yog qhov tseem ceeb.

Qhov kev txhim kho feem ntau Kuv tau taug qab yog silicon photonics -}} Kev tsim kho kho qhov muag siv uas ua CPUs.

Cov teeb tsa ib txwm kho yog sib sau ua ke los ntawm kaum ob ntawm kev txiav txim siab sib txawv: modulators, modulators, duab lo, yog lo ntsiab muag, yog cov ntsiab muag. Txhua lub tseev kom muaj qhov ua kom haum raws li microns. Los ua ke yog ib nrab phau ntawv, yas yog 70-85%, thiab cov nqi tsis teev tau zoo.

Silicon photonics muab tag nrho cov haujlwm no rau ib leeg silicon nti siv cov qauv 130nm rau 28nm cmos cov txheej txheem. WaveGuides yog etched rau hauv silicon. Modulators Siv Carrier Txhaj lossis Depetion hloov cov ntsuas hluav taws xob kom huv. German photodetectors yog zus ncaj qha rau silicon substrate.

Tus yeej? Wafer - nplai kev tsim khoom. Ib 300mm Wafef yuav tau txais ntau pua tus photicical sib xyaw ua ke (pics). Cov nqi teev nrog moore txoj cai kev lag luam theej dua li kev sib dhos ua ke. Thiab thuam - Tsis muaj phau ntawv sib ncab. Cov WaveGuides thiab txuas cov qauv sib txuas yog lithologically txhais tau nrog sub-100nm precision.

Silicon photonics kev ua lag luam loj hlob los ntawm $ 95 lab nyob rau hauv 2023 rau ib qho projected $863 lab los ntawm 2029-a 45% cag nrho cov lus qhia Innolight, Suav tus thawj coj Suav, npaj nkoj 3 lab silicon photonics modules hauv 2024 ib leeg.

Tab sis muaj qhov teeb meem tseem ceeb: silicon yog bandgap semiconductor, yog li nws tsis emit qhov teeb pom kev zoo. Koj tseem xav tau iii {{{{{1} v semiconductors (inp, gaas) rau lasers. Cov kev daws teeb meem tam sim no siv hybrid sib xyaw ua ke- bonding inp laser tuag mus rau hauv silicon pic. Yav tom ntej tuaj yeem siv Quantum dot lasers grown ncaj qha rau silicon, tab sis qhov ntawd tseem nyob hauv kev tshawb fawb theem.

Lub Roadmap yog qhov tseeb, yog tias Daunting: 1.6 TBPS Pluggables nkag mus rau kev xa tawm hauv lig 2025, nrog 3.2 TBPS modules nyob rau hauv kev loj hlob rau 2028.

Ntawm 1.6T, peb yuav pom 200g rau ib kab lus-}}} Xav tau PAM4 teeb liab ntawm 106.25 GBD. Uas thawb rau hauv cov zaus quag ({ghz) uas cov khoom siv pcb zoo li tsawg {} poob dhau los ua qhov tsim nyog.

Co -} packaged optics (CPO) -}}}} Kev sib xyaw ua khoos phis tawm ncaj qha- yog qhov kev daws teeb meem radical. Hloov chaw ntawm cov khoom siv pluggable ntawm lub ntsej muag sib txuas ntawm 20cm pcb laij, CPO chaw lub qhov muag hloov kho qhov muag tsis pub dhau 5 hli ntawm lub ntsws hloov. Qhov no tshem tawm qhov siab - ceev hluav taws xob billeckilenas nkaus.

Qhov kev sib tw? Kev sim siab. Nrog Pluggables, koj tuaj yeem sim cov module nws tus kheej, tom qab ntawd sim cov hloov pauv ntawm nws tus kheej. Nrog CPO, Optics thiab hloov yog ib chav. Yog tias lub cav kho qhov muag tsis ua haujlwm, koj muab pov tseg ib qho $ 20, 000+ hloov asic nrog nws. Tawm los ntawm kev lag luam thiab kev kho cov tswv yim kev kho cov tswv yim yog tseem ua kom pom tseeb.

Thaum Ntxov CBO Cov Khoom Siv Croad tau ua 400G rau ib txoj kab kev kho kho kho kho tshiab, siv xwb 5-} pa tas 40% hluav taws xob piv rau covlgables. Tab sis kev sib koom ua ke nyob hauv: Thermal tswj (tus hloov hluav taws xob yog qhov kub thiab txias

Nkag siab txog peb {{- txheej qauv pab kuaj cov txheej txheem tsis ua haujlwm.

Txheej Txheej 1 Cov Teeb Meemqhia tau li teeb meem kho qhov muag:

Kis tau lub hwj chim tsawg dhau? Saib Laser Bias tam sim no (laus), ntsuas kub (tawm ntawm spec), lossis txuas cov kev sib dhos (tshuab puas tsuaj)

Received power too low? Fiber is likely dirty, bent beyond spec (>7.5 hli vojvoog rau ib qho - hom), lossis muaj cov ntxig txuas ntxiv (txhua tus ntxiv 0.3-0.5 DB poob)

Txheej 2 Cov Teeb Meemmanifest li me ntsis ua yuam kev txawm tias muaj zog tsim nyog:

CDR unlock or frequent re-locks? Clock source on host may have excessive jitter (>200FS RMS)

FEC uncorrefectable yuam kev? Pre - fec ber muaj degraded dhau fec lub peev xwm {}} feem ntau txhais tau tias optical SNR tau qis dua qhov pib

Txawv -} Cov neeg nyob yuam kev? ISI (Kev cuam tshuam los ntawm kev cuam tshuam los ntawm bandwidth tsis txaus lossis chromatic dispersion

Txheej 3 Teeb Meemyog hais txog cov txheej txheem thiab kev sib koom ua ke:

Module tsis pom? I2c kev sib txuas lus tsis ua hauj lwm, feem ntau yog vim yog cov teeb meem hluav taws xob ntawm Modsell Pin

Txuas tsis tsim? Tshawb xyuas txoj kab kev taw qhia kev qhia - Qee cov neeg muag khoom siv tsis - wavelwength mappings

Sib tw sib txawv disconntts? Qhov kub caij tsheb kauj vab hla pib pib, ua rau cov qauv kom kaw thiab rov pib dua

Hauv cov kev xa tawm tiag, 47% ntawm cov teeb meem moduical kho qhov ntsuas hluav taws xob (28% rau kev xaiv qhov tseeb), thiab tsuas yog 25% rau kev ua tsis tiav (Walsun, 2024).

Tom qab taug qab cov thev naus laus zis no los ntawm 20 lab cov neeg ua tsis tiav ntawm cov teeb meem kev lag luam hyperscale, ntawm no yog qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws:

Kev hloov kho kho qhov muag tsis dhau los hloov dua siab tshiab. Lawv yog lawv tus ntse ntawm cov khoom siv hluav taws xob ua kom txiav txim siab txog cov cim hluav taws xob, thiab kev tswj hwm kev ua yuam kev uas yuav ua rau muaj lub ntsiab lus sib txuas lus satellite.

Kev ua lag luam kev loj hlob tawg {4 4}} 14.2%} 14.2%} 14.2%}} yog tsav los ntawm kev txawj ntse, tsis yog hype. AI Kev cob qhia yuav tsum muaj txhua-txhua qhov sib txuas ntawm ntau txhiab tus GPUS. Qhov ntawd tsuas yog ua tau nrog kho qhov muag interconns {{{} iOS g xov tooj cua Sprits laub 25-100g rau txhua qhov chaw ntawm tes. Qhov ntawd tsuas yog kev lag luam nrog kho qhov muag.

Rau network kws kos duab, peb zaj lus qhia:

Phim module rau daim ntawv thov ruthlessly- ib $ {{1 g lack {{{{{5} {rack txuas qhov twg $ 40 sr4 ua haujlwm zoo

Saib xyuas cov cua kub thiab kho qhov muag siv dag zog-} Tsis ua rau Telegraph Lawv lub lis piam ua ntej los ntawm parameter drift

Nqis peev hauv infrastructure{{0- ib nrab ntawm koj cov teeb meem yuav yog cov sib txuas tsis huv, tsis yog cov kev ua phem

Rau cov kws ua lag luam nkag mus rau tom teb, puag cov qhov cuam tshuam. Koj yuav tsum to taub cov siciconductor physics (rf etorering (high {{{} Kev tswj kev ceev nrawm), thiab kev sib txuas lus digital (FEC thiab kev sib txuas lus). Nws tsis tshua muaj rau ib tus neeg los ua tiav txhua txheej txheej {}}} Ua tau zoo kho qhov muag yog ib txwm pab pawg ua si.

Cov thev naus laus zis tseem hloov kho sai heev. Silicon photonics yog tus nqi poob los ntawm 15 {- 20% txhua xyoo. Linear Pluggable Optics yog ua pov thawj rau 90% ntawm cov ntaub ntawv chaw siv cov xwm txheej ntawm 30% nyiaj txuag hluav taws xob. Coherent technology yog txav los ntawm ntev-hau rau hauv metro thiab txawm tias cov ntaub ntawv nruab nrab interconnect.

Yog tias koj ua haujlwm nrog cov kab ke no, koj nyob ntawm kev sib tshuam ntawm kev sib tshuam ntawm lub cev, engineering, thiab kev lag luam uas rov kho dua cov ntaub ntawv tsiv. Qhov kho kho qhov muag ua haujlwm hauv koj cov ntaub ntawv chaw tam sim no sawv cev rau qhov kev txiav ntawm lub cev ua tau nrog lub teeb.

Hluav Taws Xob Cov Hluav Taws Xob ntawm Tooj Liab Cables Lub ntsej muag peb lub ntsej muag tsis muaj txiaj ntsig), ua kom muaj cov tawv nqaij sib txawv), thiab cov qoob loo ua tau zoo dua), thiab crosstalk ntawm cov uas nyob ze. Ntawm 10 Gbps, zoo tooj liab cable ua haujlwm rau txog 7 meters. Ntawm 100 gbps, uas poob rau hauv qab 1 meter. Kev ua kom zoo nkauj fiber ntau dua 1000X tsawg lub teeb liab poob rau ib meter thiab xoom crosstalk ntawm cov fibers hauv tib Cable.

Peb yam kev tswj hwm ncav cuag: kev siv hluav taws xob siv kho qhov muag tau muab cov roj ntsha me me DBM tso lub zog). Ntev -} Mus cuag cov lasers, cov ntawv them nyiaj ntau dua (AFDS VS Pins), thiab feem ntau sib faib nyiaj txiag

Ntau cov fiber ntau (50 {}}}} 62.5μm tub ntxhais lub cheeb) txhawb nqa ntau txoj kev sib tw (hom) ib txhij. Qhov no tso cai rau siv pheej yig LED lossis VCELS cov chaw nyob ntawm 850nm thiab ua kom haum coupking kev dag mus txog 300 - 500m ntawm 10000m ntawm 10000. Ib Leeg - hom fiber ntau (9μm kev txhawb nqa ib txoj kev sib txawv, tab sis ua kom 10- 100km ncav cuag nrog tib cov ntaub ntawv. Cov qauv coj ua qauv yog cov qauv sib txawv ntawm cov qhab nia ua kom zoo rau cov nqi thiab yooj yim, ib hom-hom rau ncav cuag thiab bandwidth-nrug cov khoom.

Pam4 (4 {{- Txoj Kev Qib Pulite Oppenite Qib, piv rau NRZ (Tsis yog} rov qab mus rau xoom) uas yog ib qho cim siv ob theem. Qhov no halves ntawm tus nqi baud rau tib cov ntaub ntawv tus nqi {}} A 100g Pam4 lub teeb liab khiav ntawm 25,78} GBAd rau 25G NRZ. Qhov teeb meem no vim tias peb tab tom tsoo bandwidth txwv cov txwv hauv silicon, PCBs, thiab cov txuas. Pam4 tso cai rau 100G, 200g, thiab 400g siv cov khoom siv 25-50 gbaud infrastructure. Kev lag luam tawm yog txo cov suab nrov thiab cov ntawv DSP nyuaj.

Kev noj hwj chim sai dua li cov ntaub ntawv them tau raws li peb yam: Ntau dua}}}}}} kev sib txig sib luag thiab cov teeb liab ntau dua; serializer / deserializer (serdes) circuents muaj lub zog sib luag rau baud tus nqi, tsis linearly; Thiab cov thermal kev tswj hwm overhead nce - koj dissipating 20W nyob rau hauv tib lub me me ua kev kub ntxhov. Ib qho ntxiv, ntau 800g modules siv dsps rau cov teeb liab kev ua cov teeb meem uas tsis xav tau ntawm 100g tsim. Kev lag luam yog hais txog qhov no los ntawm silicon photonics kev sib xyaw (tshem tawm DSP), thiab siab tshaj plaws DSP), thiab siab tshaj plaws 7nm rau serdes chips).

FEC ntxiv redundant os rau cov khoom ntws uas siv cov lej lej (feem ntau reed {} Solomon) uas tso cai rau tus txais kev ua kom pom thiab raug yuam kev yam tsis muaj kev xa tawm. Ib tus rs - fec (544,514) code ntxiv 30 parity rau txhua 514 cov ntaub ntawv hauv {}} 5.8% nyiaj siv ua haujlwm. Lub decoder tuaj yeem raug rau 15 lub cim yuam kev hauv txhua qhov thaiv. Cov kev nkag siab tseem ceeb yog random ib qho {{14- me ntsis prounded los ntawm suab nrov me (2 {}} 4 ntawm cov suab nrov lossis cov suab nrov fiber ntau. RS-FEC's burst-error-correction capability handles the latter, while its random-error correction handles the former. Qhov no hloov qhov txuas nrog 10 ^ -5 ua ntej fer rau 10 ^ -15 post-fec ber.

The top three failure modes from field studies are: laser degradation (35% of failures-gradual aging increases threshold current and reduces efficiency), photodetector dark current increase (22%-thermal damage or radiation exposure), and connector/coupling degradation (15%-mechanical stress or contamination). Early warning signs include: bias current increasing >10% from baseline (laser aging), received power dropping while transmitted power stays constant (connector issues), and temperature readings exceeding normal by >5℃(thermal tswj tsis ua hauj lwm). Saib xyuas cov kab no ntawm cov qauv DDM interface tso cai 70% ntawm kev ua tiav kom kwv yees 2-4 lub lim tiam ua ntej.

Txhua cov txheeb cais, cov ntaub ntawv ua lag luam, thiab cov specifications kev qhia txog cov lus no los ntawm cov ntaub ntawv txheeb xyuas hauv qab no:

Kev Tshawb Fawb Kev Tshawb Fawb Kev Lag Luam Tsis Txaus Siab - kho qhov muag Kev Lag Luam Kev Tshaj Tawm 2024 (Cebnitivemarket Kev Tshawb Fawb.com)

Cignal Ai - tshaj 20 lab 400g & 800g Datacom Optical Icterical Atticter Yuav Tsum Tau rau 2024 (Cignal.ai)

Mordor txawj ntse - kho qhov muag Transceier Kev Lag Luam Kev Lag Luam 2025-2030 (mordorintintigence.)

Yis pab - silicon photonics 2024: tsom rau Soi, kev txhaum, thiab LNOI platform.com)

Laser Focus Lub Ntiaj Teb - Qhov muag hloov kho kho qhov muag tuaj yeem tuav cov chaw zov me nyuam hauv siab, Lub Ib Hlis 2025 (laserfocusworld.com)

Ascenteroptics -} Dr. Ntsuas: Ib qho kev tsom xam tshiab los ntawm qhov chaw pib, Lub Kaum Hli 2023 (Ascenteroptics.com)

FiberMall - Dab tsi yog cov khoom siv sab hauv ntawm cov qauv kho kho tshiab?, Lub Ob Hlis 2023 (FiberMall.com)

Frontiers ntawm Optoelectronics - co -} Txoj cai, thiab cov kev daws teeb meem, Lub Peb Hlis 2023 (Springer.com)

Sib sib zog nqus dej: moduical module lag luam -}}} Cuaj hlis 2024 (tobfundgent.substack.com)

Walsun -} Ib qho kev kho qhov hluav taws xob feem ntau cov kev ua txhaum thiab cov kev daws teeb meem, 2024 (walsun.com)

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Xa kev nug

Yuav ua li cas kho qhov muag ua haujlwm?

Peb lub {- txheej txhais lus qauv: txoj hauv kev tshiab los xav txog kev kho qhov muag

Txheej 1: teeb liab hloov pauv -} qhov twg physics ntsib engineering

Qhov Teeb Meem Tseem Ceeb: piv rau cov photons

Cov SIDE hloov: Los ntawm voltage rau lub teeb

Tau txais ib sab: catching photons

Txheej 2: Kev Txawj Ntse Ua -} Lub hlwb zais

Moos thiab cov ntaub ntawv rov qab: nrhiav kev txiav txim hauv Chaos

Kev yuam kev tom ntej kho: Qhov kev ruaj ntseg net

Kev Schemes Qauv: Ntau Cov Khoom Noj Ib Hlis Ib Lub Hlis

Cov teeb liab kev ua: software txheej txheej

Txheej 3: Kev sib xyaw ua ke- kev sib tham network

Cov digital kev kuaj mob

Kub - dougability thiab fais fab sealsencing

Daim Qauv Kho Mob Ecosystem

Qhov tseeb - Lub Hnab Ua Haujlwm Ntiaj Teb

Kev Cawm Hwj Chim Tawm Tsam

Kev tswj hwm cov cua sov

Ntsis yuam kev ntaus nqi

Silicon photonics Revolution: Raug ntawm nti nplai

Dab tsi yav tom ntej zoo li: 1.6t thiab dhau

Kev daws teeb meem los ntawm thawj cov ntsiab cai

Cov kab hauv qab: nws yog qhov system, tsis yog ib feem

Cov Lus Nquag Nug

Vim li cas peb tsis tuaj yeem siv hluav taws xob cables rau siab - ceev cov ntaub ntawv?

Dab tsi txiav txim siab qhov nyiaj siab tshaj plaws uas muaj kev tawm tsam kho qhov muag tau hloov kho dua tshiab tuaj yeem xa tau?

Yuav ua li cas multimode thiab ib - hom fiber ntau sib txawv hauv kho qhov muag module tsim?

Pam4 kev teeb meem thiab vim li cas nws muaj teeb meem?

Vim li cas thiaj muaj 800g modules yog li lub hwj chim - kub rawg piv rau 100g?

Yuav ua li cas ua ntej yuam kev kho tau ua hauj lwm hauv Optical Modules?

Dab tsi ua rau kho qhov tsis zoo rau kev poob, thiab kuv puas tuaj yeem twv tau ua tiav?

Cov Ntaub Ntawv Teev