Network Interface Card (NIC)

Koj lub server muaj 100G ports, tab sis koj NIC tsuas yog txhawb nqa 10G. Zoo siab nrog rau - koj nyuam qhuav them rau bandwidth koj yuav tsis siv. Daim npav network interface yog qhov tsis pom zoo tshaj plaws hauv kev tsim network niaj hnub. Thaum cov engineers xav txog kev hloov ntaub thiab transceiver specs, NIC ntsiag to txiav txim siab qhov tseeb ntawm txhua tus neeg rau zaub mov tuaj yeem thawb. Cov lus qhia no dhau mus dhau cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb los piav qhia seb NICs ua haujlwm li cas, hom twg muaj nyob, thiab - qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws - yuav ua li cas phim koj NIC rau txoj caitransceiver, DAC cable, los yogAOCrau qhov ua tau zoo tshaj plaws.

 

 

Network Interface Card yog dab tsi?

Lub network interface card (NIC), tseem hu ua lub network adapter lossis network interface controller, yog cov khoom siv uas txuas lub server, chaw ua haujlwm, lossis chaw cia khoom rau lub network. Nws tswj kev hloov dua siab tshiab ntawm cov ntaub ntawv hauv tus tswv tsev thiab cov teeb liab ntawm cov xaim lossis fiber ntau - tswj txhua yam los ntawm thav duab encapsulation thiab checksum pov thawj kom cuam tshuam kev tuav thiab kev hloov DMA.

Txhua NIC muaj qhov tshwj xeeb MAC chaw nyob hlawv rau hauv nws cov firmware, ua haujlwm raws li lub cuab yeej tus kheej ntawm Txheej Txheej 2 network. NICs Thaum Ntxov tau xa mus ua ib daim npav PCI nthuav dav. Niaj hnub no, feem ntau cov neeg siv PCs siv LAN- ntawm-motherboard (LOM) nti rau kev sib txuas 1G yooj yim. Tab sis nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv chaw thiab chaw lag luam ib puag ncig, nplooj siab NIC daim npav tseem ceeb heev vim tias cov tswj hwm ntawm lub nkoj tsuas tsis tuaj yeem xa cov khoom xa tuaj, muaj peev xwm xa tawm, lossis qhov chaw nres nkoj ceev uas niaj hnub xav tau.

 

 

Yuav Ua Li Cas NIC Ua Haujlwm Zoo: Tshaj "Xa thiab Txais"

Phau ntawv piav qhia - "NICs encapsulate cov ntaub ntawv rau hauv thav duab thiab xa lawv" - yog technically raug tab sis nco dab tsi ua rau NIC muaj nuj nqis. Nov yog dab tsi tshwm sim nyob rau hauv lub hood nyob rau hauv ib tug niaj hnub server NIC:

 

Ncej ua

Nyob rau sab kis, NIC siv cov ntaub ntawv los ntawm OS network pawg, ntxiv Ethernet headers thiab CRC checksums, ces serializes rau hauv hluav taws xob lossis kho qhov muag teeb liab. Nyob rau sab txais, nws thim rov qab cov txheej txheem, txheeb xyuas CRC thiab stripping headers ua ntej dhau lub payload rau tus tswv tsev.

 

Offload Cav

Nov yog qhov uas NICs khwv tau lawv khaws cia. Niaj hnub nimno NICs offload cov dej num uas yuav txwv tsis pub noj CPU cycles: TCP / UDP checksum xam, TCP segmentation offload (TSO), loj txais offload (LRO), thiab tau txais sab scaling (RSS) uas faib cov tsheb khiav hla ntau lub CPU cores. Yog tsis muaj cov offloads no, 25G NIC tuaj yeem saturate CPU core tsuas yog ua cov pob ntawv.

 

Kernel Bypass nrog DPDK

Txawm tias muaj cov khoom siv offloads, OS kernel's network pawg qhia txog nyiaj siv ua haujlwm ntawm cov pob ntawv hnyav. NICs uas txhawb nqa DPDK (Data Plane Development Kit) tso cai rau cov ntawv thov nyeem thiab sau cov pob ntawv ncaj qha los ntawm cov neeg siv qhov chaw, hla lub kernel tag nrho. Qhov no poob rau ib - pob ntawv latency los ntawm milliseconds rau hauv ib zaug -digit microseconds - qhov yuav tsum tau muaj rau siab -frequency trading, 5G neeg siv- dav hlau functions, thiab NFV workloads thawb kab- tus nqi ntawm 100G txuas.

 

DMA thiab Interrupt Coalescing

Hloov chaw CPU luam txhua pob ntawv, NIC siv Direct Memory Access los sau cov thav duab ncaj qha rau hauv system RAM. Interrupt coalescing pab pawg ntau pob ntawv txheej xwm rau hauv ib qho CPU cuam tshuam, txo qis nyiaj siv ua haujlwm ntawm cov pob ntawv siab.

 

Kev them nyiaj yug Virtualization

Hauv ib puag ncig virtualized, SR-IOV (Ib leeg hauv paus I/O Virtualization) tso cai rau tib lub cev NIC nthuav qhia ntau yam haujlwm virtual, txhua tus muab ncaj qha rau VM. Qhov no bypasses tus hypervisor lub virtual hloov tag nrho, xa nyob ze - liab qab - hlau network kev ua tau zoo rau cov tshuab virtual.

 

 

NIC Types: A Practical Classification

 

Los ntawm Interface Hom - Qhov no yog qhov txiav txim siab koj txoj kab txuas

NIC Port Type	Txuas	Media	Hom Ceev	Max nrug
RJ45 (Pib-T)	RJ 45	Cat5e/Cat6/Cat6a tooj	1G / 2.5G / 5G / 10G	100m
SFP +	LC duplex	10G SFP + transceiverssau 10gDAC cables	10G	80km (fiber) / 7m (DAC)
SFP28	LC duplex	25G SFP28 transceiverslos yog 25G DAC	25G	40km (fiber) / 5m (DAC)
QSFP +	MPO los yog LC	40G QSFP + transceivers	40G	40km (fiber) / 7m (DAC)
QSFP28	MPO los yog LC	100G QSFP28 transceiverslos yog 100 GDAC cables	100G	80km (fiber) / 5m (DAC)
QSFP-DD	MPO los yog LC	400G QSFP-DD transceivers	400G	10km + fiber ntau

Vim li cas qhov no tseem ceeb:NIC chaw nres nkoj hom dictates uas transceivers thiab cables koj siv tau. Xaiv lub dual -chaw nres nkoj SFP28 NIC xauv koj rau hauv SFP28 ecosystem -25G SFP28 optical modules, ZPO 28DAC cableslos yog SFP28AOC kab. Xaiv tsis ncaj ncees lawm, thiab koj yuav tau yuav adapters lossis hloov daim npav.

 

Daim ntawv ceeb toom ntawm MPO vs. LC connectors:QSFP+ thiab QSFP28 cov chaw nres nkoj sau npe "SR4" siv cov khoom sib txuas ua ke - plaub txoj kab ntawm 10G lossis 25G xa mus ib txhij. Qhov no yuav tsum tauMPO / MTP-12 patchcordsnrog 8 lossis 12 fiber cores, tsis yog tus qauv duplexLC kabsiv los ntawm SFP + lossis SFP28 modules. Yog tias koj tab tom siv 40G lossis 100G SR4 optics thawj zaug, koj ob qhov uas twb muaj lawm - fiber ntau thaj vaj huam sib luag yuav tsis ua haujlwm - txoj kev npaj rau MPO trunk cabling thiab cassettes.

 

Los ntawm Bus Interface - PCIe Generation Matters

Tag nrho cov servers niaj hnub NICs siv PCIe. Tab sis PCIe tiam thiab txoj kab dav teeb tsa lub qab nthab nyuaj ntawm kev nkag mus:

• PCIe 3.0 x 8:~ 64 Gbps - txaus rau dual-chaw nres nkoj 25G lossis ib zaug-chaw nres nkoj 40G
• PCIe 3.0 x 16:~ 128 Gbps - txaus rau ib qho - chaw nres nkoj 100G
• PCIe 4.0 x 16:~ 256 Gbps - xav tau rau dual-port 100G lossis ib zaug -port 200G
• PCIe 5.0 x 16:~512 Gbps - enables 400G NICs

Lub 100G NIC ntsaws rau hauv PCIe 3.0 x8 qhov lub cev tsis tuaj yeem xa 100G. Nco ntsoov xyuas koj tus neeg rau zaub mov PCIe qhov tsim thiab dav ua ntej yuav khoom.

 

Los ntawm Form Factor - OCP NIC 3.0 Yog Tus Tshiab Default

Kev lig kev cai PCIe ntxiv- hauv daim npav tseem muaj tus thawj tswj hwm kev lag luam, tab sis cov chaw khaws ntaub ntawv hyperscale tau txav mus rau OCP NIC 3.0 tus qauv (ob qho tib si Daim Ntawv Me Me thiab Daim Ntawv Loj Loj). OCP NICs ntsaws rau hauv lub mezzanine qhov tshwj xeeb ntawm lub server motherboard es tsis txhob tuav tus qauv PCIe nthuav dav. Cov txiaj ntsig yog qhov tseem ceeb: kub- kev sib pauv muaj peev xwm tsis muaj hluav taws xob hauv lub server, txhim kho thermal tsim nrog ncaj qha airflow hla NIC, thiab txoj kev luv luv hluav taws xob rau CPU uas txo cov teeb meem kev ntseeg siab ntawm 100G + nrawm. Yog tias koj lub server platform txhawb OCP 3.0 - thiab cov qauv niaj hnub feem ntau los ntawm ODMs loj ua - nws yuav tsum yog koj thawj qhov kev xaiv rau 100G thiab 200G NIC xa tawm.

 

Los ntawm Kev Txawj Ntse Qib

Standard NICslis cov txheej txheem txheej txheem pob ntawv nrog kho vajtse offloads. Haum rau feem ntau kev lag luam thiab cov ntaub ntawv chaw zov me nyuam.

SmartNICsntxiv cov programmable data processing unit (DPU) uas tuaj yeem ua cov cai ntawm firewall, encryption, load balancing, thiab telemetry ncaj qha rau ntawm NIC, tso tawm cov tswv CPU cores rau daim ntawv thov ua haujlwm. Nyob rau hauv huab infrastructure qhov twg txhua CPU core yog monetized, SmartNICs them rau lawv tus kheej los ntawm reclaiming cores uas yuav txwv tsis pub khiav OVS los yog IPsec.

RDMA NICs (RNICs)txhawb tej thaj chaw deb Direct Memory Access raws tu qauv zoo li RoCEv2 los yog iWARP, ua rau neeg rau zaub mov - mus rau - neeg rau zaub mov nco hloov nrog ib tug - tus lej microsecond latency. Hauv GPU kev cob qhia pawg tsim nyob ib ncig ntawm NVIDIA H100 lossis A100 accelerators, RDMA NICs tsis yog xaiv tau - lawv yog cov pob txha. Txhua lub GPU node xav tau 200G lossis 400G RDMA kev sib txuas kom ua rau txhua tus -txo cov kev sib txuas ntawm cov gradient los ntawm kev ua lub hauv paus kev kawm. Tshaj li AI, RDMA NICs yog qhov tseem ceeb sib npaug rau HPC cov haujlwm ua haujlwm thiab cov chaw khaws cia uas khiav NVMe-o, qhov twg cov ntsiav- hla cov ntaub ntawv txoj kev hla cov ntaub ntawv nkag latency los ntawm 10 ×.

 

 

Yuav Ua Li Cas Xaiv Txoj Cai NIC: Kev Txiav Txim Siab

Kauj ruam 1 - Txhais koj qhov yuav tsum tau ceev.Muab nws rau koj lub peev xwm hloov uplink, tsis yog koj qhov kev xav tau siab tshaj plaws. Yog tias koj qhov kev hloov ToR muaj 25G server-faus cov chaw nres nkoj, 25G NIC yog qhov kev xaiv zoo - tsis yog 10G (hloov dhau) lossis 100G (khoom siv).

Kauj ruam 2 - Xaiv koj hom interface.Rau hauv - khib kev sib txuas hauv qab 5 meters, khi koj NIC nrog aDAC cablerau tus nqi qis tshaj plaws thiab latency. Rau inter-rack txuas mus txog 100 meters, siv ib qhoAOC kablos yog luv - ncav cuag transceiver nrogLC fiber ntau patchcord. Rau lub tsev - mus rau - tsev lossis tsev kawm ntawv txuas, siv qhov ntev - ncav cuagoptical transceiver- xws li a100G QSFP28 LR4 modulenrog ib leeg - hom fiber ntau thiabMPO / MTP patchcords.

Kauj ruam 3 - Txheeb xyuas PCIe kev sib raug zoo.Tshawb xyuas koj lub server muaj PCIe slot tiam thiab txoj kab dav tiv thaiv NIC cov cai.

Kauj Ruam 4 - Ntsuas cov kev xav tau offload.Khiav virtualization nrog ntau ntau VMs? Ua ntej SR-IOV kev txhawb nqa. AI kev cob qhia pawg? RDMA muaj peev xwm tsis yog -negotiable. Cloud-native microservices? Lub SmartNIC nrog cov kav dej programmable txuag CPU cores.

Kauj ruam 5 - Npaj rau dual-port redundancy.Cov servers ntau lawm yuav tsum muaj tsawg kawg yog ob qhov chaw nres nkoj NIC rau kev sib txuas sib txuas (LACP) lossis ua haujlwm -stainby tsis ua haujlwm. Dual -port NICs yog qhov chaw ntau dua -ntau tshaj ob daim npav nkaus xwb -port card.

 

 

Feem ntau NIC yuam kev (thiab yuav ua li cas zam lawv)

Yuav 10G RJ45 NIC rau cov ntaub ntawv chaw siv.10GBASE-T NICs siv 2-5W ntau lub zog rau ib qhov chaw nres nkoj tshaj SFP + NICs thiab tsim kom muaj cua sov ntau dua. Nyob rau hauv ib lub khib nrog 40 servers, uas yog 80-200W ntawm tsis tsim nyog thermal load. Siv10G SFP + transceiversnrog SFP + NICs hloov.

Tsis quav ntsej firmware thiab hloov tshiab tsav tsheb.NIC firmware kab ua rau cov pob ntawv ntsiag to poob, CRC yuam kev, thiab kev ua haujlwm tsis zoo. Cov neeg muag khoom tso tawm qhov tseem ceeb firmware thaj ua rau thaj uas feem ntau tsis siv vim tias NIC "zoo li ua haujlwm zoo."

Mismatching NIC ceev thiab hloov chaw nres nkoj ceev.25G NIC txuas nrog 10G hloov chaw nres nkoj yuav pib- sib tham mus rau 10G - tab sis qee qhov NICs tswj qhov tsis zoo, ua rau qhov txuas txuas lossis CRC yuam kev. Nco ntsoov xyuas qhov sib tw ceev lossis siv cov cuab yeej sib xws.

 

 

FAQs

Qhov txawv ntawm NIC thiab LOM yog dab tsi?

A LOM (LAN ntawm Motherboard) yog ib qho yooj yim network tswj kev koom ua ke rau hauv lub server motherboard, feem ntau muab 1G lossis 10G Base-T txuas. Daim npav NIC nplooj siab muab kev nrawm dua (25G-400G), kev tshaj tawm zoo li SR-IOV, thiab kev xaiv kho qhov muag rau kev siv fiber ntautransceiversthiabDAC/AOC kab.

Kuv puas tuaj yeem siv - tog neeg transceivers hauv kuv NIC?

Yog lawm. Feem ntau NICs los ntawm Intel, Mellanox/NVIDIA, thiab Broadcom txais MSA-raws li thib peb- togoptical transceivers. Txawm li cas los xij, qee qhov NIC firmware tuaj yeem tso tawm cov lus ceeb toom kev sib raug zoo. Cov neeg muag khoom muaj npe nrov muab cov transceivers coded rau cov npe NIC tshwj xeeb txhawm rau ua kom huv si.

Dab tsi NIC ceev kuv xav tau rau AI thiab kev kawm tshuab ua haujlwm?

Rau GPU kev cob qhia pawg (NVIDIA H100, A100, lossis zoo sib xws), txhua qhov ntawm feem ntau xav tau200Glos yog 400G RDMA-muaj peev xwm NICs (RoCEv2) los tiv thaiv lub network los ntawm bottlenecking tag nrho -txo gradient synchronization. Kev xav ua haujlwm ua haujlwm tsis tshua xav tau thiab feem ntau tuaj yeem ua haujlwm ntawm 25G-100G nyob ntawm tus qauv loj thiab kev thov dhau los. Pair Training NICs nrog400G QSFP-DD modulesrau kev sib txuas ntawm qaum, lossis siv100G QSFP28 transceiversrau nplooj ntawv -rau- server txuas hauv pawg me.

Puas yog SmartNIC tsim nyog tus nqi ntxiv?

Rau cov chaw muab kev pabcuam huab thiab cov lag luam loj uas ua haujlwm hnyav network virtualization, yog - SmartNICs tuaj yeem rov qab 4-8 CPU cores rau ib tus neeg rau zaub mov los ntawm kev tshem tawm kev hloov pauv, kev ruaj ntseg, thiab telemetry functions. Rau tus qauv ntawm - thaj chaw xa tawm nrog nruab nrab virtualization, tus qauv NIC nrog SR-IOV kev txhawb nqa feem ntau yog txaus.

Kuv yuav txuas NIC li cas rau fiber ntau optic cable?

NICs nrog SFP +, SFP28, QSFP28, lossis QSFP-DD cov chaw nres nkoj xav tau qhov sib txuamoptical transceiver modulerau kev sib txuas nrog fiber ntau. Ntxig lub transceiver rau hauv NIC chaw nres nkoj, ces txuas qhov tsim nyogfiber ntau patchcord - LC duplexrau SFP-hom ports,MPO/MTPrau kev sib txuas QSFP- hom optics. Rau luv luv - qhov deb txuas hauv racks, aDAC cabletshem tawm qhov xav tau ntawm ob qho tib si transceiver thiab fiber ntau.