Optical modules ua haujlwm hauv cov khoom siv sib kis
Nov 04, 2025|
Optical modules nyob rau hauv cov khoom siv kis tau tus mob hloov hluav taws xob teeb liab mus rau cov teeb liab kho qhov muag rau cov ntaub ntawv kis tau tus mob fiber ntau optic cables, ces hloov lawv rov qab mus rau hluav taws xob teeb liab ntawm qhov kawg tau txais. Cov kub no -pluggable transceivers tswj kev sib txuas lus bidirectional los ntawm cov khoom tshwj xeeb sab hauv hu ua TOSA thiab ROSA.
Core Architecture ntawm Optical Modules
Nyob rau theem kho vajtse, optical modules muaj peb lub ntsiab subsystems ua haujlwm hauv kev hais kwv txhiaj. Lub transmitter optical sub-assembly (TOSA) tsev ib lub laser diode uas tsim modulated lub teeb pulses sib xws rau binary cov ntaub ntawv. Lub receiver optical sub-assembly (ROSA) muaj ib tug photodetector uas converts incoming optical signals rov qab mus rau hluav taws xob tam sim no. Nruab nrab ntawm cov rooj sib txoos no zaum ntawm PCBA Circuit Board, uas tswj cov teeb liab ua, lub sijhawm, thiab tsis siv neeg tswj fais fab.
Lub laser diode sab hauv TOSA ua haujlwm ntawm lub hauv paus ntsiab lus pib- nws tsuas yog tawm lub teeb thaum mus tom ntej tam sim no tshaj li tus nqi pib (Ith). Niaj hnub nimno modules siv cov lus tawm tswv yim laser diodes (DFB-LD) ntau dua li qub Fabry-Pérot hom vim DFB lasers tsim ib lub vojvoog nqaim, feem ntau yog nyob nruab nrab ntawm 1310nm rau sab saud lossis 1490nm rau kev xa mus hauv qab. Ib qho kev tswj fais fab tsis siv neeg tswj xyuas cov zis tawm los ntawm photodiode thiab kho cov tsav tam sim no kom tswj tau cov qib kho qhov muag zoo ib yam, feem ntau ntsuas hauv dBm.
Nyob rau sab txais, ROSA ntiav tus PIN photodiodes lossis avalanche photodiodes (APD) ua ke nrog transimpedance amplifiers (TIA). PIN diodes ua haujlwm ntawm qhov hluav taws xob qis thiab raug nqi tsawg, ua rau lawv haum rau luv luv - daim ntawv thov nyob deb. APD receivers tsim ntau electrons ib photon, ua tiav cov kev ntsuam xyuas siab dua - qhov tsawg kawg nkaus kho qhov muag lub zog xav tau los tswj cov nqi me ntsis yuam kev. TIA tam sim ntawd hloov cov duab tsis muaj zog rau hauv lub teeb liab voltage, uas tom qab amplifier theem reshape thiab sib npaug ua ntej dhau mus rau cov khoom siv network.
Teeb liab hloov Mechanism
Cov txheej txheem photoelectric hloov dua siab tshiab tshwm sim hauv nanoseconds. Thaum cov khoom siv hauv network xa cov ntaub ntawv hluav taws xob mus rau lub module, PCBA tus tsav nti ua cov teeb liab thiab hloov kho lub laser diode ntawm tus nqi ntawm 1.25 Gbps mus rau 800 Gbps nyob ntawm module specifications. Lub laser converts voltage hloov mus rau hauv ceev ceev ntawm -tawm lub teeb pulses- siab teeb liab theem sawv cev rau binary 1, qis theem sawv cev rau 0 nyob rau hauv ib txwm NRZ encoding.
Lub teeb pulses no taug kev los ntawm fiber ntau optic cable nrog tsawg attenuation vim lub iav core lub refractive zog. Tib - hom fiber ntau ua haujlwm ntawm 1550nm wavelength ntsib qhov poob qis tshaj plaws, nyob ib ncig ntawm 0.2 dB ib kilometer, tso cai rau cov teeb liab mus rau 40-80km yam tsis muaj kev nthuav dav. Multimode fiber ntau ntawm 850nm wavelength txhawb nqa bandwidth ntau dua li luv luv, feem ntau 100-300 meters, vim nws cov tub ntxhais dav dav tso cai rau ntau txoj kev teeb pom kev zoo uas nws thiaj li ua rau modal dispersion.
Ntawm qhov chaw, ROSA's photodetector captures photons thiab tso tawm electrons proportional rau optical zog tau txais. Qhov tshwj xeeb rhiab heev- qhia tias qhov tsis zoo dBm tus nqi zoo li -18dBm- qhia tias lub teeb liab tsis muaj zog npaum li cas tus receiver tseem tuaj yeem txiav txim siab. Zoo rhiab heev tso cai rau kev sib kis ntev dua. Tom qab photocurrent hloov dua siab tshiab, kev txiav txim siab circuits sib piv cov qib voltage tiv thaiv qhov pib kom rov tsim cov teeb liab huv si, them nyiaj rau lub suab nrov thaum sib kis.
Wavelength Division Multiplexing
Niaj hnub nimno kho qhov muag modules muab fiber ntau muaj peev xwm los ntawm wavelength division multiplexing (WDM), qhov twg ntau cov ntaub ntawv raws coexist ntawm txawv optical frequencies. Coarse WDM (CWDM) modules qhov chaw raws 20nm sib nrug thoob plaws 1270-1610nm spectrum, txhawb 8-18 wavelengths ib fiber. Dense WDM (DWDM) modules ntim cov channel tsuas yog 0.4-0.8nm sib nrug hauv C-band (1530-1565nm), ua kom 40-96 raws ntawm ib qho strand.
BiDi (bidirectional) modules sawv cev rau daim ntawv thov zoo nkauj ntawm WDM cov qauv. Los ntawm kev siv cov wavelengths sib txawv rau kev xa tawm thiab tau txais cov haujlwm-feem ntau 1310nm / 1550nm lossis 1270nm / 1330nm khub-BiDi modules ua tiav tag nrho- kev sib txuas lus duplex hla ib fiber ntau tsis yog ob. Internal WDM lim cais cov wavelengths: 45-degree dichroic filter qhia txog qhov xa tawm wavelength mus rau fiber ntau thaum dhau qhov tau txais wavelength mus rau photodetector. Qhov no BOSA (Bi-kev taw qhia Optical Sub-Assembly) tsim los txiav cov nqi fiber ntau hauv ib nrab, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog muaj txiaj ntsig rau fiber ntau- rau- kev xa tawm hauv tsev.
Lub optical multiplexer ntawm qhov kawg xa tawm ua ke nrog ntau lub wavelength channels siv nyias -film films lossis arrayed waveguide gratings. Thaum kawg tau txais, tus demultiplexer faib cov teeb liab sib xyaw rov qab rau hauv ib tus neeg lub wavelengths, coj txhua tus mus rau ib qho kev sib cais photodetector. Cov qauv no ntsuas qhov bandwidth yam tsis tas yuav tsum tau ua haujlwm fiber ntau ntxiv -100G QSFP28 module ua tau xa plaub 25G raws tib yam, hla plaub qhov sib cais lossis plaub lub wavelengths ntawm ib qho fiber ntau.
Form Factors thiab Interface Standards
Lub cev ntim khoom txiav txim siab li cas modules txuas mus rau cov khoom siv sib kis. Daim Ntawv Me-factor Pluggable (SFP) tus qauv, tsim los ntawm ntau- qhov kev pom zoo, ntsuas kwv yees li 13mm × 8.5mm thiab txhawb tus nqi ntawm 100 Mbps txog 10 Gbps. SFP28 modules siv qhov ntev zoo ib yam tab sis tswj 25 Gbps los ntawm kev txhim kho hluav taws xob thiab optics. Cov modules no ntsaws rau hauv pem hauv ntej- vaj huam sib luag tawb nrog LC fiber ntau connectors, cia kub -swapping yam tsis muaj powering down lub party khoom.
Rau kev nrawm dua, QSFP (Quad Small Form-factor Pluggable) ntim muab plaub txoj kev ywj pheej hauv qhov hneev taw loj me ntsis. QSFP + tuav 40G ntawm 4 × 10G txoj kab, thaum QSFP28 ua tiav 100G siv 4 × 25G kab. QSFP-DD (Double Density) tus qauv muab ob npaug ntawm txoj kab hluav taws xob mus rau yim, txhawb nqa 400G nrog 8 × 50G PAM4 teeb liab. Txhua tiam tswj kev rov qab sib raug zoo nyob rau hauv tib lub qhov (socket), txawm hais tias ntawm qis dua.
CFP (Centum form-factor Pluggable) modules lub hom phiaj ntev -haul telecommunications es tsis yog cov ntaub ntawv chaw. Tus thawj CFP txhawb nqa 100G siv 10 × 10G txoj kab hluav taws xob, tab sis tom qab CFP2 thiab CFP4 hloov pauv tau txo lub pob mus rau ib nrab thiab lub quarter loj raws li. OSFP (Octal Small Form-factor Pluggable) tshwm sim rau 400G-800G daim ntawv thov uas xav tau ntau lub hwj chim headroom tshaj QSFP-DD muab, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog rau kev siv silicon photonics.
Qhov hluav taws xob sib cuam tshuam ntawm module thiab pawg tswj hwm tau hloov zuj zus los ntawm kev yooj yim NRZ signaling rau cov txheej txheem nyuaj. Common Electrical Interface (CEI) specifications txhais cov hluav taws xob tsis xws li voltage viav vias, impedance, thiab jitter kam rau ua. Niaj hnub 400G modules siv PAM4 (4-theem pulse amplitude modulation) encoding, qhov twg txhua lub cim nqa 2 me ntsis es tsis yog 1, ua ob npaug ntawm qhov tsis muaj qhov nce baud. Kev sib txuas hluav taws xob feem ntau siv cov kab hluav taws xob ceev ceev ntawm 25 Gbps lossis 50 Gbps, sib phim rau tus tswv tsev hloov ASIC peev xwm.
Kev sib txuas cov khoom siv sib xyaw
Optical modules nyob hauv ntau txoj haujlwm hauv kev sib txuas lus. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv chaw saum toj kawg nkaus - ntawm - khib keyboards, 25G SFP28 modules txuas servers hloov ntaub, tuav sab hnub tuaj - kev khiav tsheb sab hnub poob ntawm kev suav cov nodes. Ntawm txheej txha nraub qaum, 100G QSFP28 lossis 400G QSFP-DD modules aggregate uplinks. Rau cov ntaub ntawv chaw interconnect spanning 2-80km, coherent pluggable modules zoo li 400ZR siv advanced modulation schemes thiab digital teeb liab ua kom muaj peev xwm fiber ntau.
Cov cuab yeej siv xov tooj sib txuas siv cov khoom siv kho qhov muag hla kev nkag mus, metro, thiab ntev -cov ntu. Hauv 5G fronthaul tes hauj lwm, 25G CWDM modules txuas cov xov tooj cua tej thaj chaw deb mus rau chav tsev faib cov pas dej, feem ntau ua haujlwm hauv qhov chaw sab nraum zoov hnyav nrog kev ntsuas kub ntev (-40℃rau +85℃). Metro networks siv DWDM modules los tsim kho qhov muag kho qhov muag meshes, qhov twg reconfigurable ntxiv -poob multiplexers (ROADM) dynamically txoj kev wavelengths raws li kev xav tau ntawm tsheb. Ntev-tsheb thauj mus los sib xyaw ua ke nrog cov khoom siv hluav taws xob muaj zog nrog cov khoom siv kho qhov muag pom qhov chaw txhua 80-100km kom kov yeej fiber ntau.
Kev teeb tsa lub cev yuav tsum tau ua tib zoo saib xyuas cov nyiaj siv hluav taws xob kho qhov muag. Txhua qhov kev sib txuas - fiber ntau splices, thaj vaj huam sib luag, cov khoom sib txuas- qhia txog qhov poob, feem ntau 0.3-0.5 dB. Qhov txuas kev suav nyiaj rho tawm tag nrho cov kev poob los ntawm kev xa hluav taws xob los txheeb xyuas qhov tau txais lub hwj chim tshaj qhov rhiab heev los ntawm cov npoo txaus, feem ntau yog 3-5 dB. Tshaj li tus neeg txais kev tshaj tawm qhov tshwj xeeb tshaj tawm-qhov siab tshaj plaws kho qhov muag lub zog ua ntej saturation- tuaj yeem ua rau me ntsis yuam kev, yog li qhov sib txawv ntawm cov khoom siv kho qhov muag yuav xav tau ntawm cov kev sib txuas luv luv nrog cov muaj zog transmitters.
Advanced Modulation Techniques
Txhawm rau thawb tshaj 100G ib lub wavelength, optical modules tau txais cov qauv kev hloov kho tshiab. Kev lig kev cai ntawm -off keying (OOK) encodes cov ntaub ntawv raws li lub teeb nyob los yog tsis muaj. Differential theem-hloov keying (DPSK) encodes cov ntaub ntawv nyob rau hauv lub optical theem, yuav tsum tau interferometric detection tab sis muab 3 dB rhiab heev. Quadrature phase-hift keying (QPSK) siv plaub theem xeev los nqa 2 khoom rau ib lub cim.
Coherent detection revolutionized ntev -haul kis tau tus mob los ntawm kev kuaj pom ob qho tib si amplitude thiab theem ntawm optical teb. Ib lub zos oscillator laser sib xyaw nrog cov teeb liab tau txais, thiab cov khoom siv photodetectors sib npaug hauv -theem thiab quadrature Cheebtsam. Cov teeb liab digital processors tom qab ntawd siv qhov sib npaug ntawm cov txheej txheem los them nyiaj rau chromatic dispersion thiab polarization hom dispersion sau ntau pua mais. Niaj hnub nimno 400G coherent modules siv 16QAM lossis 64QAM kev hloov kho, ntim 4-6 khoom ib lub cim hla ob lub xeev polarization.
Kev dhia mus rau 800G thiab 1.6 Tbps modules hauv 2024-2025 ua ke ntau yam kev nce qib. Silicon photonics kev koom ua ke txo cov khoom suav los ntawm fabricating lasers, modulators, thiab detectors ntawm ib nti. Linear pluggable optics (LPO) tshem tawm lub hwj chim- tshaib plab DSP retimers los ntawm luv luv - mus txog modules, txiav kev noj ntawm 15W mus rau 6W. Co-packaged optics (CPO) tso cov tshuab kho qhov muag ncaj qha rau ntawm qhov hloov ASICs, tshem tawm cov hluav taws xob SerDes bottlenecks. Thawj 1.6T modules nkag mus rau ntau lawm siv 8 × 200G kab nrog 106 Gbps PAM4 hluav taws xob signaling.
Kev ua tau zoo Specifications thiab kuaj
Module datasheets qhia ntau yam tsis tseem ceeb. Cov zis hluav taws xob kho qhov muag, ntsuas hauv dBm lossis mW, qhia txog kev xa tawm lub zog - tus nqi ib txwm nyob ntawm -10dBm rau +4dBm nyob ntawm qhov xav tau. Extinction ratio piv cov optical fais fab sib txawv ntawm binary 1 thiab 0 xeev; ratios saum toj no 8.5 dB kom paub meej lub teeb liab sib txawv. Tus txais rhiab heev txhais qhov tsawg kawg nkaus input zog rau ib qho kev ua yuam kev me ntsis, feem ntau 1 × 10⁻¹² yuam kev ib ntsis.
Kev khiav hauj lwm wavelength raug teeb meem nyob rau hauv WDM systems uas cov channel yuav tsum ua raws li ± 0.1nm ntawm qhov chaw zaus. Chromatic dispersion kam rau ua- ntsuas hauv ps/nm- qhia tias ntau npaum li cas wavelength- nyob ntawm qhov hloov pauv ncua sij hawm lub module tuaj yeem daws ua ntej qhov teeb meem tshwm sim. Multimode modules qhia yam tsawg kawg nkaus ua tau zoo modal bandwidth yuav tsum tau, muab nyob rau hauv MHz · km, uas txwv qhov siab tshaj plaws kis tau tus mob nyob deb raws li hom fiber ntau (OM3, OM4, OM5).
Kub stability cuam tshuam rau laser wavelength thiab tso zis zog. Kev lag luam- qib modules ua haujlwm 0℃rau +70 degree, thaum muaj kev sib txawv ntawm -40℃rau +85℃. Thermoelectric coolers tuav laser kub hauv kev tswj- wavelength modules, siv 1-3W tab sis kom ntseeg tau tias wavelength drift nyob qis dua 0.01nm/degree . Kev tshuaj ntsuam xyuas digital (DDM) muab qhov tseeb-lub sijhawm telemetry ntawm I2C interface-kub, qhov hluav taws xob, tsis zoo tam sim no, xa hluav taws xob, thiab tau txais lub zog ua kom muaj kev saib xyuas zoo.
Kev Lag Luam Trends thiab Cov Lus Qhia Yav Tom Ntej
Kev lag luam optical transceiver tau mus txog $ 13.6 nphom hauv 2024 thiab cov phiaj xwm rau $ 25 nphom los ntawm 2029, tau tsav los ntawm AI cov ntaub ntawv chaw tsim tawm. Tshaj 20 lab 400G thiab 800G modules xa tawm hauv 2024, nrog 800G kev xa khoom xav tias yuav nce 60% hauv 2025 raws li cov neeg loj hlob tau txais cov optics rau GPU kev sib tshuam. Qhov loj dua -ntau tshaj-400-Gbps ntu loj hlob ntawm 16.3% CAGR raws li AI kev cob qhia pawg xav tau qhov tsis tau muaj dua qhov bandwidth ceev.
Cov chaw zov me nyuam suav txog 61% ntawm cov nyiaj tau los ntawm cov khoom siv kho qhov muag hauv 2024, nthuav dav ntawm 14.9% CAGR txog xyoo 2030. Kev hloov pauv ntawm 100G mus rau 400G txuas tau nrawm dua hauv 2023-2024, thiab 800G kev xa tawm pib ua siab ncaj ntawm Google, Amazon, thiab Microsoft. Thawj 1.6 Tbps modules tau nkag mus rau qhov kev sim siab thaum xyoo 2024, tsom mus rau kev tso tawm kev lag luam hauv H2 2025 ntawm tus nqi pib nyob ib ncig ntawm $ 2,000, poob rau kwv yees li $ 1,500 raws li kev tsim khoom.
Silicon photonics modules ntes kwv yees li 10% ntawm 800G kev ua lag luam hauv H2 2024, nrog rau kev kwv yees ntawm 20-30% los ntawm 2025. Qhov kev siv tshuab no hais txog cov khoom siv laser txwv rau EML thiab VCSEL cov khoom xav tau hauv cov qauv qub. Co- ntim cov khoom siv kho qhov muag tseem nyob hauv kev txhim kho, nrog Nvidia koom tes ntawm CPO cov kev daws teeb meem txhawm rau tsim cov ntim thawj zaug los ntawm 2026. Linear pluggable optics tau txais traction hauv 2024 rau lub zog- txwv tsis pub xa tawm, txawm hais tias muaj kev sib tw kis mus ntev.
5G rollout drives telecom optical module xav tau, nrog 25G SFP28 CWDM transceivers deployed nyob rau hauv sab nraum zoov txee ntsib huab cua kub. Fronthaul optics cov nyiaj tau los txog kwv yees li $ 630 lab hauv 2025, nrog 10 lab 50G PAM4 midhaul cov khoom xa tuaj. Cov neeg ua haujlwm tsiv teb tsaws ntawm taw tes- mus rau- taw tes rov qab mus rau x-Haul mesh architectures siv 10G rau 100G industrial- qib modules uas ua tau raws li cov ntawv cog lus nruj latency.
Cov lus nug nquag
Dab tsi yog qhov txawv ntawm ib qho -hom thiab multimode optical modules?
Tib -mob modules ua haujlwm ntawm 1310nm lossis 1550nm wavelengths tshaj 9μm core fiber, txhawb kev deb ntawm 2km txog 80km lossis ntau dua. Multimode modules siv 850nm wavelength tshaj 50μm lossis 62.5μm core fiber, txwv rau 100-550 meters nyob ntawm bandwidth. Tib hom - hom muaj kev ncav cuag ntev dua tab sis raug nqi ntau dua; multimode muab tus nqi qis dua rau kev ncua luv xws li kev sib txuas hauv kev sib txuas.
Cov qauv sib txawv tuaj yeem ua haujlwm hauv tib qhov chaw hloov pauv?
Cov chaw nres nkoj tsim los rau siab dua - cov modules ceev feem ntau lees txais cov hloov pauv qeeb ntawm kev ua haujlwm qis. 25G SFP28 chaw nres nkoj feem ntau tuaj yeem khiav 10G SFP + module ntawm 10G nrawm, thiab SFP + chaw nres nkoj txais 1G SFP modules. Txawm li cas los xij, qhov thim rov qab tsis ua haujlwm-koj tsis tuaj yeem ntsaws 25G module rau hauv 10G- qhov chaw nres nkoj nkaus xwb. Ob qhov kawg ntawm kev sib txuas ntawm fiber ntau yuav tsum phim qhov ceev thiab wavelength specifications.
Vim li cas optical modules muaj qhov sib txawv wavelength?
Kev xaiv wavelength sib npaug qhov deb, tus nqi, thiab cov yam ntxwv fiber ntau. Lub 850nm wavelength ua haujlwm zoo nrog tus nqi -VCSEL lasers zoo rau luv luv multimode txuas. Lub 1310nm wavelength muaj qhov sib txawv tsawg kawg nkaus hauv ib qho - hom fiber ntau rau metro deb. Lub 1550nm wavelength hits qhov qis tshaj attenuation point hauv fiber ntau, ua kom ntev -haul kis tau tus mob. WDM cov tshuab siv qhov sib txawv ntawm qhov sib txawv ntawm qhov sib txawv rau ntau qhov sib txawv ntawm ib qho fiber ntau.
Qhov kub li cas cuam tshuam rau kev ua haujlwm kho qhov muag module?
Laser wavelength drifts kwv yees li 0.1nm ib 10℃qhov kub thiab txias hloov tsis muaj cua txias. Cov zis hluav taws xob sib txawv ntawm 3-5% thoob plaws qhov ntsuas kub ua haujlwm. Txais rhiab heev degrades me ntsis ntawm qhov kub siab tshaj plaws. Kev lag luam modules qhia 0-70℃kev ua haujlwm; industrial modules txuas mus rau -40℃rau +85℃siv cov thermoelectric coolers thiab dav-tolerance Cheebtsam. Digital diagnostics taug qab qhov ntsuas kub ntawm lub sijhawm los kwv yees qhov ua tsis tiav ua ntej lawv tshwm sim.
Ntsiab Cai
Optical modules ua photoelectric hloov dua siab tshiab los ntawm TOSA transmitters siv laser diodes thiab ROSA receivers siv photodetectors
Ntau lub wavelengths tuaj yeem sib qhia ib qho fiber ntau ntawm CWDM lossis DWDM thev naus laus zis, nrog BiDi modules ua kom muaj kev sib txuas lus bidirectional ntawm ib txoj hlua
Cov qauv tsim los ntawm SFP rau QSFP-DD kev txhawb nqa nrawm los ntawm 1G txog 800G, nrog 1.6T modules nkag mus rau ntau lawm hauv 2025
Kev ua lag luam tau mus txog $ 13.6 nphom hauv 2024, tau tsav los ntawm AI cov chaw zov me nyuam siv 400G thiab 800G modules ntawm qhov tsis tau pom dua.
Silicon photonics thiab co- ntim optics sawv cev rau kev hloov pauv tom ntej, txhim kho lub zog ua haujlwm thiab kev sib koom ua ke ntom ntom
Cov ntaub ntawv
Cignal AI Optical Components Report - Lub Ib Hlis 2025 (cignal.ai)
Mordor Intelligence Optical Transceiver Market Report - Lub Rau Hli 2025 (mordointelligence.com)
Cognitive Market Research Optical Modules Study - Cuaj hlis 2024 (cognitivemarketresearch.com)
Yole Group Optical Transceivers rau Datacom Report - Tsib Hlis 2024 (yolegroup.com)
IEEE 802.3 Kho qhov muag Cheebtsam hloov tshiab - Lub Kaum Hli 2024 (ieee802.org)