Yuav ua li cas cov ntaub ntawv kho qhov muag kis tau?

 

 

Ib txoj kev sib tw ntawm lub khob nyias tshaj li tib neeg cov plaub hau nqa 43 terahertz ntawm bandwidth. Your entire neighborhood's internet traffic-every Netflix stream, Zoom call, and TikTok upload-flows through something you could accidentally vacuum up. Qhov no tsis yog theoretical muaj peev xwm. Fiber ntau cov tshuab ua tau zoo nyob rau hauv 2024 thawb kaum ob ntawm ib pliag los ntawm ib qho cable, ua cov ntaub ntawv kho qhov muag tau kis tus nraub qaum ntawm cov tes hauj lwm niaj hnub no.

Lub cev zoo li rov qab thaum xub thawj. Cov iav ua lub teeb zoo dua li tooj liab ua hluav taws xob rau cov ntaub ntawv. Txoj kev zoo dua. Tom qab ib mais ntawm fiber ntau, koj poob tsawg dua li bouncing teeb tawm daim iav ib zaug.

Feem ntau cov lus piav qhia tau pib nrog "Teeb taug kev los ntawm iav." Muaj tseeb, tab sis piam. Qhov txaus siab yog dab tsi tshwm sim ntawm cov iav ciam {2} qhov twg physics tsim ib daim iav zoo tshaj plaws uas muaj thaum koj xav tau. Tsis muaj txheej. Tsis muaj nyiaj rov qab. Tsuas yog ob hom iav kov, thiab mam li nco dheev lub teeb tsis tuaj yeem khiav tawm txawm tias thaum nws xav tau.

 

 

Yuav ua li cas optical cov ntaub ntawv sib kis tau tag nrho kev xav

 

Tag nrho kev xav txog sab hauv tsis xav coj zoo li cov tsom iav zoo li qub. Ci teeb ntawm daim iav tsis tu ncua ntawm ib lub kaum sab xis, koj tau txais kev xav. Nrog Fiber ntau, qhov xav txog tsuas yog tshwm sim thaum lub teeb ntaus tus hits tus ciam teb saum toj no 42 degrees} {4} huab cua). Hauv qab no lub kaum sab xis? Lub teeb hla dhau ntawm cov ciaj ciam tsis muaj nyob.

Qhov kev xaiv no ua rau muaj lub teeb ua. Thaum photons nkag mus rau cov tub sab fiber ntawm txoj cai kaum, lawv nyob nraum geometrically kaw rau hauv. Txhua Bounce ua rau lawv nyob saum toj kawg nkaus lub kaum. Lub teeb zigzags cia lub cable ntawm 186,000 mais ib pliag (ntxhib}}}}}}} kev kub ceev hauv lub khob kom rov ua haujlwm dua ntawm 1.5).

Cov tub ntxhais - cladding interface ua rau txoj haujlwm no. Cov tub ntxhais muaj qhov ntsuas qhov ntsuas tau txog kwv yees li 1.48, thaum lub cladding zaum ntawm 1.46. Qhov no 0.02 txawv - ib mere 1.3% variation - yog txaus. Lub teeb sim khiav tawm ntawm Denser tub ntxhais mus rau hauv cov clade tsis tshua muaj ntau yam uas muaj lub zog zoo kawg nkaus, poob zoo tshaj xoom rau cov cladding.

Sing - hom fibers noj qhov no ntxiv. Nrog ib tug tub ntxhais txoj kab uas nyob deb ntawm tsuas yog 8- 10 microns (ib lub ntshav liab yog li 7 microns), lawv cia ib qho ntawm txoj kev teeb. Qhov no tshem tawm cov qauv dispersion {} qhov teeb meem uas sib txawv lub teeb txoj kev los ntawm cov fiber ntau los ntawm cov sijhawm sib txawv, smearing koj lub teeb liab. Ib qho-hom fibers tuaj yeem nqa cov ntaub ntawv tshaj 40 kilometers tsis muaj kev ua kom sov.

 

Hloov cov tshuab hluav taws xob rau photons

 

Ntawm qhov kis tau kawg zaum ib laser diode lossis coj. Cov ntaub ntawv tuaj txog raws li cov hluav taws xob soj ntsuam: voltage siab sib npaug hauv 850nm, 1350nm wavelengths {}} txhua qhov muag pom kev.

Vim li cas infrared? Ob qho laj thawj. Ua ntej, iav yog feem ntau pob tshab ntawm cov wavelengths no, nrog attenuation hauv qab 0.2 db ib mais ntawm 1550nm. Thib ob, silicon photodetectors feem ntau rhiab nyob rau hauv no ntau. Lub 1550nm "qhov rai" tshwj xeeb tshaj yog vim nws hits lub qab zib chaw uas iav nqus qhov rooj qhov chaw, tawg yog txhua yam tsawg.

Laser diodes tuaj yeem hloov kho ntawm kev ua kom nrawm dua. Niaj hnub nimno cov tshuab siv ncaj qha hloov pauv mus txog 25 Gbps, qhov twg lub laser nws tus kheej hloov mus rau thiab tawm lab zaus ib ob. Tshaj 25 gbps, tshuab hloov mus rau kev hloov kho sab nraud {}} Lub laser sau tsis tu ncua thaum ib tus lej sib cais

(feem ntau yog raws electro - optic cuam tshuam) sib txawv ntawm lub teeb pom kev, theem, lossis ob qho tib si.

Coherent kis cov tshuab coj cov kev hloov kho ob qho tib si gaseitude thiab theem, siv cov qauv zoo li 16} Yog sidement tawm) lossis 64 {{{. Qhov no cia lawv encode 4 lossis 6 bits rau ib lub cim es tsis yog 1 ntsis. Ntxiv Polarization {{9 {}} Kev faib tawm ob qho tib si cov ntaub ntawv ntws ntawm OrthoRizonal lub teeb polarizations-thiab koj muaj peev xwm dua. Qhov tshwm sim: Spectral cov khoom siv tau nce qib 10 lub qe ib ob ib ob ntawm Hertz ntawm bandwidth.

Qhov encoding tshwm sim hauv nanoseconds. Cov teeb hluav taws xob tuaj ntawm 100 GBPS txhais tau tias tus modulator yuav tsum hloov xeev txhua 10 picoseconds (10 ^ {9 vib nas this). Ntawm cov nrawm no, cov hluav taws xob hluav taws xob tsoo lawv lub cev txwv. Tias yog vim li cas 400g thiab 800g systems ntau zuj zus siv kev kuaj pom digital ua haujlwm nrog cov teeb liab digital ua (DSP) tej daim ntawv suav ua kom pom lub teeb liab.

 

Dab tsi tshwm sim hauv cov fiber

 

Lub teeb tsis taug kev hauv txoj kab ncaj nraim los ntawm fiber ntau. Nws bounces txhiab ntawm lub sij hawm ib meter hauv multi {}}} {}} hom fiber ntau. Ua li cas, peb qhov tshwm sim sim ua kom puas koj lub teeb liab.

Ua attenuationtshwm sim los ntawm kev nqus tau thiab tawg. Silica ntshiab iav iav nqus lub teeb vim tias tsis muaj cov khoom siv tau yooj yim pob tshab. Kev tsim khoom qhia cov cim impurities (hydroxyl ions yog teeb meem tshwj xeeb). Cov qauv me me txawv nyob rau hauv lub khob scarter lub teeb (rayleigh tawg). Niaj hnub nimno fibers ua rau muaj kev puas tsuaj tsawg li 0.15 db / km ntawm 1550nm, lub ntsiab lus tom qab 60 km, koj tseem muaj 25% ntawm thawj lub zog kho qhov muag.

Chromatic dispersiontshwm sim vim hais tias qhov ntsuas hluav taws xob tsis zoo me ntsis me ntsis nrog nthwv dej. Ib lub laser yeej tsis muaj teeb meem txig monochromatic lub teeb - muaj ib txwm muaj qee qhov dav. Cov wavess ravessength Cheebtsam mus ncig ntawm kev sib txawv me ntsis los ntawm lub khob. Tshaj dhau mus deb, cov kis tau ntawm qhov kev nthuav dav no tawm txhua lub teeb mem tes, ua rau muaj lub pulses uas nyob ib sab. Thaum 1310NM, chromatic dispersion yog ze xoom rau cov qauv fiber ntau. Thaum 1550nm, nws yog hais txog 17 ps / (NAM KM), tab sis dispersion {{9 everiving fiber ntau tuaj yeem cuam tshuam qhov no.

Polarization hom kev tawg (PMD)cuam ​​tshuam txawm ib qho - hom fiber ntau. Zoo meej cylindrical fiber ntau yuav tswj polarization, tab sis microscopic tsis zoo thiab kev ntxhov siab ua rau cov fiber ntau dua birefringent. Lub teeb nyob rau hauv txawv polarization lub xeev taug kev ntawm kev sib txawv, mus txog rau lwm lub sijhawm. PMD yog random thiab hloov nrog ntsuas kub thiab kev ntxhov siab, ua rau nws nyuaj rau kev them nyiaj ntau dua li chomatic dispersion.

High - lub tshuab hluav taws xob fim ib qho kev sib tw ntxiv:nonline sibCov. Ntawm kev kho qhov muag powers saum toj no txog 1 milliwatt, lub iav lub chaw ua haujlwm kom ua tau zoo sib txawv nrog kev siv. Qhov no ua rau plaub - yoj sib xyaw, tus kheej {{}}}}} qhov txawv wavelength charnnel cuam tshuam nrog txhua lwm yam. Engineers tswj qhov no los ntawm kev ceev per- channel zog qis thiab ncua waveling wavelength Raws yam tsim nyog.

 

Tig lub teeb rov qab rau cov ntaub ntawv

 

Tus photodetector ntawm qhov tau txais kawg hloov siab converts photons rov qab mus rau electrons. Feem ntau cov lej pin (zoo - intrinsic - qhov tsis zoo) photodiendes lossis Apds (Avalanche photodes). Thaum lub photon ntaus lub photodiode, nws ua rau muaj hluav taws xob hluav taws xob, tsim kom muaj feem ntau rau lub zog kho qhov muag.

Pin photodes yog yooj yim dua thiab ntau dua linear tab sis xav tau cov cim muaj zog. APS muab cov raj xa mus sab hauv (zoo li tus raj phev duab sab hauv) los ntawm avalanche sib npaug - ib lub photon muaj peev xwm tsim ntau lub tshuab hluav taws xob. Qhov no ua rau cov apds 10 -}} 20 lub sij hawm ntau rhiab dua tus p photodes, tseem ceeb heev rau lub zog ntev uas lub teeb liab tsis muaj zog.

Tab sis photodetection qhia nrov nrov. Thermal suab nrov los ntawm cov hluav taws xob hluav taws xob amplifier ntxiv random random tam sim no hloov pauv. Lub suab nrov tshwm sim los ntawm Quantum Xwm ntawm lub teeb ntawm lub teeb nws tus kheej- Phots agon, tsis nyob rau hauv zoo kawg nkaus ntws, ua rau muaj kev sib txawv hauv photocurrent. Thiab hauv cov apds, cov avalanche cov txheej txheem ntxiv suab nrov tshaj.

Tus tau txais yuav txiav txim siab seb txhua lub cim sawv cev rau 0 lossis 1 (lossis rau ntau- theem kev hloov kho, uas ntawm ntau qhov txiaj ntsig tau ua). Qhov kev txiav txim siab qhov kev txiav txim siab tau tseem ceeb heev thaum lub suab nrov thiab teeb liab kev ua rau qhov tsis sib xws. Advanced tau siv cov yuam kev tom ntej (FEC)-}}}}} ntxiv redmitanced cov ntaub ntawv uas tso cai rau kev kuaj pom thiab muaj cov kev raug cai tsis muaj nqi.

Niaj hnub 100g thiab 400g system Siv Coherent tau txais nrog cov oscillator hauv zos laser. Los ntawm kev sib xyaw cov teeb liab hloov kho qhov muag nrog lub zos oscillator, lawv tuaj yeem kuaj pom xwb tab sis kuj theem thiab polarization. Qhov no rov qab tag nrho cov ntaub ntawv nkag los ntawm cov sib txuas nrog DSP cov tswv yim uas them rau cov kev tsis txaus ntseeg fiber ntau- lub sijhawm.

Tag nrho cov kis -} Tau txais kev voj voog qhia tau. Rau ib qho - hom fiber, lub teeb travels nyob rau ntawm 200,000 km / s (accounting rau lub iav lub vev xaib kom tsis txhob muaj dua). New York mus rau London ntawm transatlantic cable (kwv yees li 5,500 km) txhais tau tias muaj hnub nyoog 28 milliseconds ntawm kev tshaj tawm qeeb. Ntxiv transceeral ua, hloov pauv, thiab koj tau txais 60 {{{{{multi {milliseconds tag nrho-tseem nyiam nrawm.

 

Wavelength - Kev faib tawm multipxing: scaling kho qhov muag cov ntaub ntawv kis

 

Ib qho wavelength tshuab max tawm ncig ntawm 400 gbps ib coas nrog cov thev naus laus zis tam sim no. Wavelength - Kev faib tawm multagexing (WDM) tsoo los ntawm cov kev txwv no los ntawm kev xa ntau lub wavelengths ib txhij los ntawm ib fiber. Txhua lub nthwv dej nqa tau cov ntaub ntawv ywj pheej.

DWDM (ntom WDM) Cov pob zeb Wavelength los nruj, feem ntau sib nrug 50 GHz lossis 100 GHz sib nrug hauv c} band (1530-1565 nm). Niaj hnub nimno lub tshuab xa 80 txog 96 channel, txhua tus nqa 100-400 gbps, rau tag nrho cov peev xwm fiber ntau ntawm 8-38 terabits ib ob. Qhov ntawd txaus los rub tawm tag nrho Netflix lub tsev qiv ntawv hauv li 20 feeb.

Txhua lub nthwv dej yuav tsum tau nws tus kheej laser, precisely tuned thiab kub {{0} {did stabilized. Txawm tias cov nthwv dej me me uas txaus siab ua rau cov raws kev sib tshooj. Kho qhov muag muaj kho qhov muag ua ke cov wavelengths rau hauv ib qho fiber, thiab cov demiciplexers cais lawv ntawm qhov tau txais kawg. Cov cuab yeej siv thev naus laus zis, lossis arrayed WaveGuide gratings rau kev cais tawm ntawm wavelengths sib cais los ntawm tsuas yog 0.4 nanometers.

EMBIUM -} doped fiber ntau tshaj plaws (EDFAS) ua kom ua tiav txhua tus WDM raws ib txhij. Thaum nqus tau los ntawm 980nm lossis 1480nm laser, lub erbium ions hauv cov cim fiber ntau, cov cim hluav taws xob hauv 1530}}} 1565nm ntau yam. Edfas pab kom tag nrho-kho qhov muag tsis muaj khoom siv rau cov khoom siv hluav taws xob, tso cai rau submarine cabs mus rau cov dej hiav txwv elev nrog cov 40-80 km.

Kev Siv WDM lub tshuab ntsej muag muaj kev sib haum xeeb. Nonlinear teebmeem nplai nrog cov naj npawb ntawm cov channels thiab tag nrho lub zog. Channel CrosTalk accumulates dhau qhov kev ncua deb. Thiab tswj 96 meej -}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}} yuav tsum tau siv cov tshuab tswj kev ruaj khov. Tab sis bandwidth nce ua nws muaj nqis rau nws muaj nqis- Undersea cables ntsia hauv 2024 thawb 24 terhabits rau khub ib khub.

 

Qhov twg Optical kis tsis tau

 

Kev paug tsis yog tua kho qhov muag.Tus ntiv tes ntawm fiber txuas txuas tuaj yeem ua rau 1 {- 2}} 2}} 2-37% ntawm koj lub teeb liab tsuas yog los ntawm cov roj tawv nqaij. Plua Plav Ua Kom Loj Scatter Teeb. Kev tu kom tsim nyog yuav tsum muaj cov quav cawv thiab xau dej dawb, ntxiv rau kev soj ntsuam nrog lub tshuab tsom (400x magnification qhia tawm qhov tsis xws luag). Cov chaw zov mets qhia tias 80% ntawm cov teeb meem txuas txuas ntxiv rau cov txuas tsis huv.

Kev puas tsuaj lub cevtshwm sim yooj yim dua li koj xav tau. Fiber ntau qhov tseem ceeb bend radius feem ntau yog 30mm rau kev teeb tsa thiab 15 hli rau ntev- kev ua haujlwm ntev. Kev ua kom nruj me ntsis ua rau cov microbent poob - Lub teeb "dej tawm ntawm cov khoov. MacRobnending tshwm sim thaum cov ntaub qhwv fiber ntau ib ncig ntawm cov kab ntxiag heev. Thiab nas kev hlub gnawing los ntawm cov cable fiber ntau (cov tswv cuab dag saj zoo, pom). Armored Cable pab tab sis ntxiv tus nqi.

Connector swbQib raws li qhov teeb meem sib nraus sab saum toj. Neeg kho tshuab cais misaligns fiber ntau cores. Fusion tsis zoo spicing nplooj huab cua cov khoob lossis paug. Txawm tias cov txuas tau zoo muaj 0.2 - 0.5 db rigow poob ib khub. Hauv qhov txuas nrog 10 txuas, koj poob 2-5 dB ua ntej muaj npe rau kev ua kom muaj zog fiber ntau. Kev txiav tawm ua ntej cov clesles txo qhov no tab sis txo qis yooj.

EnvironmentalencyKev ntxhov siab kho qhov muag. Via kub hloov pauv Fiber ntau (Thermal nthuav kev coefficient yog kwv yees li 0.5 ppm / degree), ua rau wavelength drift hauv WDM tshuab. Cov av noo tsis cuam tshuam rau iav tab sis cornodes connector thiab sib tshuam thawv. Kev co hauv cov chaw muaj peev xwm ua haujlwm txuas tau xoob. Thiab cov puls electromagnetic los ntawm xob laim lossis hluav taws xob ua tsis ncaj ncees kev ua kom muaj fiber ntau tab sis tuaj yeem rhuav tshem transceivers.

Kev hloov pauv tauTuab siab lub network txheem. SFP + module los ntawm tus neeg muag khoom ib qho yuav tsis ua haujlwm hauv tus neeg muag khoom B's hloov, txawm tias ob leeg tus qauv kev ua raws cai. Kev Ntsuam Xyuas Kev Kho Mob Digital (Dom) cov ntaub ntawv hom qauv sib txawv. Cov nyiaj siv hluav taws xob tsis tas li. Thiab siv ntev {- haul transceiver (tsim rau 40km) nyob rau hauv ib tug luv luv- yuav muaj qhov tau txais tus txais, uas yuav tsum tau kho tus kheej.

Tus nqi yuam kev me ntsis (Ber) metric seitectifies no ua tsis tiav. Ib qho "huv" fiber txuas ua tiav ber hauv qab no 10 ^ - 12 (tsawg dua ib qho yuam kev ib txwm muaj). Nrog paug lossis kev puas tsuaj, qhov degrades rau 10 ^ -6 lossis phem dua, uas fec tsis tuaj yeem khaws cia. Nyob rau ntawm lub sijhawm ntawd, pob ntawv tsis pom kev zoo nkauj-yees duab streaming stutters, Downloads swb, Network cov ntawv thov timout.

 

Tus nqi thiab xa tawm cov ntaub ntawv tiag tiag

 

Ntau - hom fiber cov nqi $ 0.50- 2 ib hom-hom ib ncig $ 0.30-1 ib meter. Lub fiber nws tus kheej yog pheej yig. Cov nqi teeb tsa dominate: trenching rau hauv Underground cab khiav $ 50-200 ib Meter yog nyob ntawm cov av. Kev xa tawm cov kab ntawv uas twb muaj lawm no mus rau $ 10-30 ib meter tab sis ntsib kev sib tw thiab cua daj cua dub.

Transceivers ntau ntawm $ 20 rau 1G SFP Modules rau $ 500 rau 10G SFP +, $ 2,000 rau 100g QSFP28, thiab $ 8,000 rau 400g QSFP- DD. Ntev - haul concherent transceivers rau 100km + lips Khiav $ 15,000-30,000. Cov nqi no poob zuj zus sijhawm tab sis tseem muaj kev lag luam ntawm cov ntaub ntawv nruab nrab kev sib tshuam thiab cov xov xwm mero.

Clesgedrine cablararine sawv cev rau huab kawg ntawm kev kis kho qhov muag. Ib lub transatlantic cable raug nqi $ 300-500 lab thiab siv ob xyoos rau nruab. Tab sis nws muab 10-50 xyoo ntawm kev pabcuam nqa cov terhabits ib ob, ua kev pab nyiaj txiag rau cov chaw pabcuam loj hauv internet caj qaum. Tsis ntev los no Cables zoo li kev tshav ntuj hopper (2024) luv 4,100 mais nrog 17 fiber pab pawg, txhua lub nqa 24 terimits rau thib ob.

Txij Nkawm Cov nqi sib txawv. Cov chaw zov me nyuam nrog tswj cov teeb meem pom ib zaug cables tau raug ntsia kom zoo. Sab nraum zoov cog yuav tsum muaj kev tu sab nraud: dej txiav los ntawm kev tsim kho, txuas corrosion, cable tsis ua hauj lwm los ntawm cov dej khov. Cov neeg muab xov tooj rau cov neeg muab kev pab cuam 2-5% ntawm cov peev txheej siv peev thawm xyoo rau kev saib xyuas.

Tag nrho tus nqi ntawm cov tswv cuab cov favors fiber ntau rau kev ncua deb saum 100 meters. Hauv qab no uas, tooj liab ua haujlwm zoo ntawm 1-10G ceev. Saum toj no 10g, fiber ntau dhau los ua qhov yuav tsum tau txawm tias tsis ntev sau. Tus txheej txheem hla kev ua rau muaj kev hloov pauv thiab tooj liab nrog kev ceev dua.

 

 

Free - chaw optical vs fiber ntau

 

Tsis yog txhua qhov kev sib kis optical siv cov fiber ntau. Dawb - chaw optical (FOPS) kis laser teeb los ntawm huab cua los yog li 40 Gbps nruab nrab ntawm cov kab ke hauv ntiaj teb qis dua.

FOPS tiv thaiv cov nqi installation fiber ntau, thov rau cov kev txuas ib ntus lossis cov chaw nyob uas trenching yog tsis yooj yim sua. Lub tsev - rau -} tsev sib txuas rau txoj kev lossis chaw nres tsheb ua haujlwm tau zoo. Tab sis FOPS ntsib fiber ntau: huab tuaj yeem nce attenuation (Fiber)

Taw tes thiab taug qab dhau los ua tus tseem ceeb. Ib 1 {{{{} Milliradian nqaj kis tau tshaj li 1 mais tsim ib qho 1 {}} meter chaw. Lub tsev sway los ntawm cua lossis cua sov nthuav kuj tsis megalign qhov txuas tag nrho. Cov tshuab taug kev taug kev everyinsate tab sis ntxiv cov nyom. Thiab lub cev cov cev-noog, kab, kev tsim kho, tuaj yeem thaiv cov nqaj.

Satellite Optical Links thawb cov lus tseem ceeb. Lub Chaw Haujlwm Saib Xyuas Starlex Kev siv cov kab laser laser ntawm sategites, ua tiav 100 gbps hla mus txog 5,000 mais hla mus rau lub tshuab nqus tsev. Tsis muaj kev ua raws li cov kev ua kom tsis muaj kev ua kom atmospheric, tab sis ua kom pom kev thoob plaws ntau txhiab mais yuav tsum tau muaj cov ntsiab lus sib txawv. Doppler hloov los ntawm cov lus ceeb toom yuav tsum tau them. Thiab chaw cov khib nyiab poses ib qho kev hem thawj tas mus li.

FOs ua txhaum ntau dua li hloov cov fiber ntau. Fiber ntau muab lub siab - Kev ntseeg tau, thaum FSO tuav ntug ntug qhov twg fiber ntau. Hybrid System Siv ob qho tib si-}} Cov fiber ntau rau txoj kev tseem ceeb, fots li futover lossis peev xwm Augmentation.

 

Kev tawm thev naus laus zis thiab yav tom ntej cov lus qhia

 

Hollow - Cov tub ntxhais Fiber qhia teeb los ntawm huab cua hauv lub photonic crystal qauv ntau dua li cov iav tawv. Qhov no txo ​​lub teeb (teeb tsa taug kev ntawm ze li 300,000 km / s nyob rau hauv cov huab cua tivasias 200,000 km / s hauv iav) thiab tshem tawm cov tsis zoo. Cov tuam txhab nyiaj txiag kev lag luam them tus nqi them rau txhua lub microsecond txais kev cawm siav, ua hollow {} Core fiber ntau cov kev lag luam tau lees paub rau kev saib tshwj xeeb. Cov kev sib tw ua ke nyob twj ywm - Tus nqi tsim khoom dua, loj dua li tsis tshua muaj txiaj ntsig.

Chaw - division multipxing (sdm) siv ntau {1} {} hom pibers rau ntau qhov peev xwm. Ib tug xya {{4 {}} tub ntxhais fiber ntau muab rau koj xya tus neeg ywj pheej hauv ib lub cable. Cov qauv ua tiav tiav dhau 100 TBPS siv SDM ua ke nrog WDM. Tab sis hom txuas ntawm nruab nrab ntawm cores ua rau cov kab mob crostsalk, thiab splicing ua exponentially ntau dua. Kev xa tawm kev xa mus muag tseem muaj 5-10 xyoo deb.

Orbital Angular Momentum (Oam) multee ntxuab twists lub teeb rau hauv cov plevelfrasts heltfonts, tsim lwm qhov loj me. LAB LAB LAB SUAV QHIA RAU COV PEEV XEEM ENGEASS ENGEASITY, tab sis cov kev ua tiav ntawm cov kev cov nyom. Oames hom xav tau dawb- chaw lossis fiber tshwj xeeb, muaj kev nkag siab zoo, thiab ntxim nyiam rau kev nkag siab heev rau perturbations. Cov kws tshawb nrhiav feem ntau tam sim no saib Oam li ua ntxiv rau cov tswv yim uas twb muaj lawm.

Quantum Kev sib txuas lus txhawb nqa cov fiber ntau ua rau lub siab tsis muaj peev xwm tiv thaiv encryption los ntawm Quantum tseem ceeb faib (QKD). Photons encode quantum hais tias tsis tuaj yeem ntsuas tsis muaj kev cuam tshuam yam tsis muaj kev cuam tshuam rau lawv, pom zoo li eavesdropping npaj siab. Tuam Tshoj sau ib 2,000 - kilitometer 2}, thiab tsis txhob nce cov ntaub ntawv muaj peev xwm {}} Lawv ruaj ntseg rau cov channel, tsis nthuav nws. Cov Qauv QKD tseem txwv rau cov ntawv thov kev ruaj ntseg hauv siab.

Silicon photonics sib xyaw kho qhov muag kho qhov muag rau hauv silicon chips siv CMOS fabrication. Qhov no tau cog lus loj tus nqi txo rau transceivers, hloov pauv, thiab multemuct. Intel, Cisco, thiab lwm tus neeg shipping Silicon photonic khoom nyob rau hauv 2024. Cov thev naus laus zis ua kom txhim kho tab sis tsis tau ua tiav qhov kev cog lus tsis tau {{5} - qhov ntau nqi txo kev txo qis.

 

Cov Lus Nquag Nug

 

Dab tsi yog qhov tseeb ceev ntawm cov ntaub ntawv sib kis los ntawm kev siv hluav taws xob kho tshiab?

Kev tshaj tawm lub cev ceev ntawm lub teeb los ntawm cov iav fiber yog kwv yees li 200,000 mais ntawm 67 2}} Rau cov ntaub ntawv kis tau, niaj hnub - wavel} Wavel, thaum muaj ntau lub wavelengthnits ib txhij mus txog 8-38 terabits rau ib ob ib ob fiber ntau. Lub latency hla ib txwm muaj nyob ib ncig ntawm 5 microseconds ib phaus.

Puas yog kho qhov muag roj nqa lub zog nrog rau cov ntaub ntawv?

Cov qauv txheem kho qhov muag nqa tsuas yog lub teeb tsom iav thiab tsis tuaj yeem xa lub hwj chim hluav taws xob. Txawm li cas los xij, hybrid cables rauv taws cov khoom siv nrog tooj liab cov neeg coj mus muab ob qho tib si cov ntaub ntawv thiab lub zog} 1}} Cov khoom siv sib txuas lus. Qee qhov kev tshawb fawb tshawb nrhiav encoding fais kis hauv optical cim, tab sis siv zog fais fab tseem tsis txaus rau cov ntawv thov kev hloov kho feem ntau, kev hloov kho fiber ntau thiab fiber ntau.

Vim li cas thiaj ua cov tshuab fiber ntau tseem xav tau cov amplifiers yog tias fiber ntau poob yog tsawg?

Txawm hais tias nrog kev ua kom qis li qis li 0.2 DB ib kilometer, cov phiaj xwm tsis muaj zog ntau dhau mus deb. Tom qab 100 kilometers, teeb liab lub zog poob rau 1 / 100,000 ntawm lub zog qub. Photodetectors yuav tsum muaj cov hwj huam tsawg kawg nkaus los tswj hwm cov neeg tau txais txiaj ntsig zoo. Amplifas (feem ntau edfas txhua 40-}}}}}}} nyob rau hauv ntev ntev) rov qab teeb tsa rau cov hluav taws xob, enabling transceanic cabel txhiab mais.

Dab tsi txiav txim siab seb puas yuav siv ib qho - hom lossis ntau {}} hom fiber ntau?

Cov kev txwv thiab bandwidth yuav tsum tsav tsheb xaiv. Ntau - hom fiber (50 {}}}}} 6 gbps, siv yooj yim rau splice thiab txuas. Ib-hom fiber ntau (8-10 micron micron saum toj 550 meters thiab cov kev xav tau tshwj xeeb cov kev sib tw, tab sis kev txhawb nqa zoo unlimited nrug nrog kev ua kom nrov.

Huab cua yuav cuam tshuam li cas faus los yog ierial fiber optic cables?

Iav Fiber nws tus kheej yog tsis muaj kev cuam tshuam los ntawm huab cua -} Nws yog immunt entrolagnet, thiab noo noo. Txawm li cas los xij, kev ntxhov siab txhua yam los ntawm cov chaw thau khoom ICE, thermal nthuav tawm / thiab dej nyab tuaj yeem ua rau cov cab no. Aerial clesles lub ntsej muag siab dua tsis ua haujlwm ntawm cov cua daj cua dub thiab ntog ceg. Cov kab ke hauv av muaj kev tiv thaiv ntxiv tab sis muaj kev tiv thaiv rau cov kev txav mus los hauv av thiab cov dej noo hauv cov khoom kaw ntom nti. Kev tsim kho cable tsim thiab txhim kho kev ua kom txaus siab rau cov kev pheej hmoo no.

Muaj peev xwm fiber ntau cov khoom siv tau raug tshem lossis cuam tshuam zoo li tooj liab cables?

Kev cuam tshuam cov fiber yuav tsum tau siv cov ntaub ntawv nkag tau thiab cov khoom siv tshwj xeeb. Tsis zoo li tooj liab cov paib uas nthuav dav hluav taws xob hluav taws xob uas tuaj yeem raug ntes kom deb, fiber contrines teeb nyob rau hauv cov tub ntxhais los ntawm kev xav txog tag nrho kev xav tau. Tapping yuav tsum tau rhuav tshem cov fiber ntau (ua rau pom kev teeb liab ploj) lossis khoov nws loj los ntawm kev soj ntsuam lub zog). Quantum key distribution systems can detect even non-invasive tapping attempts, making fiber inherently more secure than electrical transmission.

Dab tsi ua rau muaj wavelengths txawv (850nm, 1310NM, 1550nm) yuav siv?

Different wavelengths balance several factors. 850nm works well with inexpensive multi-mode fiber and VCSEL lasers for short distances, but glass absorption is higher. 1310nm hits a "zero dispersion" point in standard single-mode fiber where chromatic dispersion is minimized, suitable for metro Network {{4 4}}}}}}}}}}}} i}}}}} saib zoo tshaj plaws rau kev kis ntev ntev. Qhov kev xaiv yog nyob ntawm qhov yuav tsum tau ua, fiber ntau yam, thiab kev xav tau ua kom zoo.

Yuav ua li cas ua fiber ntau txuas ua tiav qis ploj txawm tias yog disconnectable?

Precision Ferrules (ceramic lossis hlau) tuav cov fiber ntau, polished rau sub {} micron flatness thiab ua raws li tsis pub dhau 1-2 microns. Lub ferrules lub cev tiv tauj thaum mated, nrog rau lub caij nplooj ntoo hlav tswj kev ua kom nruj. Dua li ntawm qhov no, kev sib txuas sib txuas yog 0.2-0.5 dB rau ib leeg (txog 5-11% lub zog poob). Txo cov poob yuav tsum fusion slicing, uas mus tas li mus tas li melting lawv ua ke, ua tiav 0.01-0.1 db poob tab sis tshem tawm lub peev xwm disconnect.

 

Hauv qab kab

 

Cov ntaub ntawv kho qhov muag tau sib kis ua haujlwm vim tias kev ua kom pom kev zoo nkauj nyob sab hauv iav, thiab cov khoom siv hluav taws xob niaj hnub tuaj yeem kho tau lub teeb lub sij hawm thib ob. The physics is straightforward-light bouncing through glass-but implementing it at terabit-per-second speeds across ocean-spanning distances requires extraordinary engineering.

Cov thev naus laus zis tsis zoo tag nrho. Kev paug, lub cev puas tsuaj, thiab feem sib xyaw ua rau muaj tiag tiag - Ntiaj teb tsis ua. Tab sis thaum zoo ntsia thiab tswj kom zoo, kho qhov muag fiber ntau muab bandwidth, muaj peev xwm tiv thaiv deb, thiab kev tiv thaiv kev tiv thaiv. Yog vim li cas zoo rau txhua qhov kev sib txuas hauv internet tshaj li koj lub tsev, txhua qhov chaw teev cov ntaub ntawv sib txuas, thiab txhua qhov txuas ntxiv hloov hauv fiber ntau.

Lub kaum xyoo tom ntej coj tau kev txhim kho ntxiv ntau dua li hloov pauv hloov. Muaj peev xwm ntsuas tau los ntawm Denser WDM thiab muaj peev xwm SDM. Silicon photonics yuav txo tus nqi transceiver. Tab sis kho qhov muag cov khoom sib kis - modulated teeb kev tshaj tawm los ntawm iav ntawm kev sib txuas hauv ntiaj teb ntawm kev sib txuas lus thoob ntiaj teb. Cov physics ua haujlwm zoo dua los hloov.