AoI Transceiver ua haujlwm li cas?
Oct 29, 2025|
AOI TransceIt converals cov cim hluav taws xob rau hauv lub teeb pulses rau kev sib kis tau optic cables rau hauv lub teeb hluav taws xob. Qhov kev hloov pauv hloov siab ntxiv no tau tshwm sim los ntawm ob tus ntxhais subsystems: lub rooj sib dhos kho qhov muag (ROSA)
Cov txheej txheem hloov dua tshiab
AOI transceiver ua ob zaug tab sis kev sib txawv, uas yog vim li cas lawv hu ua transceivers es tsuas yog transmitters lossis txais.
Hluav taws xob - rau - hloov dua siab tshiab (kis)
Thaum koj lub network hloov yuav tsum xa cov ntaub ntawv, nws ua rau cov cim hluav taws xob hauv daim ntawv digital pulses sawv cev cov ntaub ntawv binary. AOI transceiver's tosa tau txais cov cim hluav taws xob no thiab pub rau lawv rau ib txoj kev tsheb roj laser. Qhov Circuit Court no ua ob yam: nws tswj hwm lub laser
Lub laser diode nws tus kheej yog qhov twg hloov dua siab tshiab tshwm sim. Hauv kev hloov tshiab niaj hnub, koj yuav pom ib qho ntawm peb laser hom nyob ntawm daim ntawv thov. VCSELs (Vertical-Cavity Surface-Emitting Lasers) operate at 850nm and are used for short distances under 300 meters, commonly in data centers. Rau nruab nrab ranges txog 40km, fabry - puv (FP) lasers muab tus nqi {{9 {9 {kev daws teeb meem. DFB (faib cov lus tawm tswv yim) lasers, kev ua haujlwm ntawm 1310nm lossis 1550nm, xa cov spectral purity xav tau rau ntev {13} haul spepl dhau 40km.
Cov txheej txheem hloov pauv txawv los ntawm kev ceev nrawm thiab kev deb. Kev hloov kho ncaj qha, qhov twg cov ntaub ntawv teeb tsa sib txawv sib txawv sib txawv ntawm laser kev txhaj tshuaj tam sim no, ua haujlwm zoo rau kev nrawm txog 25 gbps thiab mus deb hauv 10km. Lub laser lub teeb kev siv hauv cov lus teb rau cov kev hloov pauv no tam sim no, tsim cov pulses kho qhov muag uas muaj koj cov ntaub ntawv. Rau siab dua nrawm lossis ncua kev ncua, kev hloov sab nraud ua tsis tu ncua thaum muaj kev nqus chirp uas ua rau ntev tshaj plaws chirp uas tsis ntev ntawm cov paib ntev.
Optical - rau - Hluav Taws Xob Hluav Taws Xob (Txais Txais)
Ntawm qhov tau txais kawg, tuaj lub teeb liab tawm los ntawm cov fiber ntau optic cable nkag mus rau transceer thiab ntaus tus photodetector. Qhov no feem ntau yog ib qho pin photodiode rau cov ntawv thov txheem lossis avalanche photitivity, xws li ntev} kev ntsuas kho qhov muag tau muaj zog.
Tus photodetector effectoits cov ntawv sib tua photoelectric: Thaum kev sib tw dawb, tsim cov hluav taws xob dawb rau lub teeb sib zog. Ntawm no yog ib yam dab tsi uas xav tsis thoob ntau tus neeg {{1} The Photodiode tsis tshawb xyuas qhov zaus ntawm lub teeb nws tus kheej (uas yog ib ncig 193 thz rau 1550nm yoj). Hloov chaw, nws teb rau kev hloov pauv hauv lub teeb siv los ntawm kev hloov kho. Yog tias koj ci ci ntsa iab ntawm 1550nm teeb ntawm nws, koj tau txais DC tam sim no. Thaum lub teeb ci ntawd rau thiab tawm ntawm 10 GHz rau cov ntaub ntawv encode, koj tau txais 10 GHZ Hluav Taws Xob Hluav Taws Xob.
Lub hluav taws xob tam sim no tsim los ntawm photodiode muaj zog heev, feem ntau ntsuas hauv microamperes. Ib qho transimpedance amplifier (tia) tam sim no hloov mus rau qhov tam sim no rau hauv lub cim hluav taws xob thiab nthuav dav nws. Tom qab TIA, cov Circuital ntxiv ua tau rov qab los rho cov ntaub ntawv thiab kev txiav txim siab lub sijhawm los txiav txim siab seb puas muaj ib lossis xoom, rov teeb tsa cov paib kom huv si rau cov khoom siv host.
Sab Hauv Architecture thiab Cheebtsam
Qhib AOI Transceiver macule qhia txog qhov tsis txaus siab ua rau muaj kev pom zoo ntawm cov kho hluav taws xob thiab cov khoom siv hluav taws xob, txhua yam ua haujlwm nyob rau hauv kev thev taus nruj me ntsis.
Lub Tosa Cov Qauv Ntiav
Lub transmitter kho qhov muag sau -}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}} Qhov kub thiab txias cuam tshuam rau Laser kev ua haujlwm- tso zis hluav taws xob tuaj yeem sib txawv los ntawm 50% lossis ntau dua li ntawm 70℃kev ua haujlwm ntau. Txhawm rau tawm tsam qhov no, lub TOSA suav nrog tus thermistor los saib xyuas qhov kub thiab ntau zaus ib qho txias txias (tec) hauv high- kev ua tau zoo modules. Cov haujlwm no nrog Kev Tswj Hluav Taws Xob Tsis Siv Neeg (APC) uas kho cov tsav tam sim no kom muaj kev tsim tawm kho qhov muag.
Ib tus saib xyuas photodiode zaum qab ntawm laser, ntes ib feem me me ntawm lub teeb emitted los ntawm lub ntsej muag nraub qaum. Cov lus taw qhia no tso cai rau APC Circuit Courate kom them nyiaj rau laser kev laus thiab kub hnyiab hauv tiag tiag- lub sij hawm. Yog tsis muaj qhov kev soj ntsuam no, tso zis lub zog tuaj yeem ua rau pom ntau dhau ntawm module lub neej.
Kev tsim kho kho kom zoo nyob rau ntau tus qauv tsim los tiv thaiv rov qab -}} nkag mus rau cov laser kab noj hniav, uas yuav ua rau qhov tsis muaj peev xwm thiab suab nrov. Lub Laser lub teeb niam txiv rau hauv cov fiber los ntawm precision- kev ua kom zoo nkauj lo lo ntsiab muag lossis khawm sib txuas, nyob ntawm tus qauv tsim. Txhua feem ntawm kev ua kom zoo ntawm kev sib txuas ntawm cov teeb meem poob qis thaum koj sim xa cov cim qhia 80km lossis ntau dua.
Lub Rosa sib txig sib tsoo
Tus txais ib sab ntsib kev cov nyom sib txawv. Lub photodiode yuav tsum hloov kho tshiab ntawm lub teeb meem kho tshiab art {1} -} rau hauv cov suab hluav taws xob siv hluav taws xob uas tswj hwm qis. Kev siv kho qhov muag siv kho qhov muag tau siv ib qho LC txuas (feem ntau) lossis lwm hom txuas ntxiv kom tau txais cov fiber.
Lub tsev thaiv cov ntaub thaiv cov hluav taws xob rhiab los ntawm kev cuam tshuam hluav taws xob hauv hluav taws xob thaum muaj kev tswj cov thermal. Tsis zoo li lub TOSA, Rosa feem ntau tsis xav tau cov kev tsim khoom cua txias, tab sis kub tam sim no thaum tsis muaj kub, nce lub suab nrov thiab txo cov suab nrov.
Hauv qee qhov kev hloov pauv hloov, tshwj xeeb) modules, ib lub wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) lim sib cais ntawm txoj kev kho kho. Qhov no tso cai rau tib lub fiber ntau txoj kev sib kis los nqa ob qho tib si kis thiab tau txais cov cim ntawm cov wavelengths {}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}
Lub Hauv Hluav Taws Xob Txheej
Dhau ntawm lub cev kho qhov muag, txhua AOI transceer muaj cov luam tawm hluav taws xob ua ke (PCBA) uas muaj hluav taws xob hluav taws xob ua ke, cov hluav taws xob tswj hwm, thiab digital kuaj mob ua haujlwm. Cov transcient niaj hnub siv Digital Daging Soj ntsuam (DDM) raws li teev nyob rau hauv sff {}}}} Lub sijhawm telemetry los ntawm ob-hlau interface.
Cov thawj tswj hwm tau nug txog qhov kub, muab cov ntaub ntawv ntsuas kub, Laser Bias tam sim no, thiab tau txais lub zog kho qhov muag tsis muaj cov khoom siv uas tsis muaj qhov tshwj xeeb. Lub peev xwm no hloov pauv network daws teeb meem - Koj tuaj yeem txheeb xyuas qhov ua tsis tau liter lossis ua rau muaj kev tawm tsam.
Teeb liab kev hloov kho thiab encoding
Txoj kev cov ntaub ntawv tau encoded mus rau lub teeb pulses tau hloov zuj zus li kev ceev kom tau nce ntxiv.
Tsis - rov qab - - xoom (nrz) kev hloov kho
Kev Hloov Pauv mus txog 100 GBPS feem ntau siv NRZ- {{{2} {2} {2} {2} {2} {2} {2} {2} {2} {2} {2} {2} {2} Tawm ntawm cov keying). Lub laser yog rau (sawv cev rau binary 1) lossis tawm (sawv cev 0), uas tsis muaj rov qab los ntawm ib nrab ntawm ib nrab ntawm cov khoom me me. Nws yooj yim thiab siv tau zoo, tab sis zoo li nrawm nrawm mus rau 100 Gbps ntawm ib lub yoj taw, hluav taws xob thiab kho qhov muag tau ua qhov nyuaj.
Lub excurinction piv ntsuas yuav ua li cas tag nrho lub laser tig tawm thaum xoom qhov sib piv rau nws ntawm - lub xeev lub zog. Ib 100: 1 extinction piv (20 dB) txhais tau tias cov laser odves 1% ntawm nws lub zog siab thaum "tawm." Zoo dua extinction ntsuas txhim kho lub cim zoo tab sis yuav tsum tau ua laser tsav tsheb ntau dua.
Pam4 thiab Advanced Kev Hloov
Ntawm 200 Gbps thiab dhau, lub lag luam tau txais Pam4 (4 {}} lev pua mulite docitude). Hloov ntawm ob txoj kev siv ntau ntau ntau ntau ntau ntau ntau ntau ntau ntau ntau ntau ntau ntxiv, Pam4 siv plaub theem sawv cev ob lub cim. Qhov no ob npaug ntawm cov ntaub ntawv tus nqi yam tsis muaj kev xav tau ob npaug ntawm kev ntsuas, ua kom muaj suab nrov sib dhos ua ke, txhua qib nyob ze dua, ua kom pom kev yooj yim dua.
Coherent optical transceivers siv nyob rau hauv ntev - haul networks ua haujlwm ntau dua. Lawv hloov kho ob qho tib si amastritude thiab theem ntawm lub teeb uas siv QPSK (Quadrinatin hloov cov ntsiab lus) lossis siab dua} Kev txiav txim siab tau hloov kho). Cov kab ntawv no yuav tsum tau muaj cov txheej txheem tshwj xeeb uas tau txais nrog cov teeb liab oscillator hauv zos, tab sis lawv tuaj yeem ua tiav 400 gbps lossis ntau dua ntawm ib qho yoj.
Wavelength xaiv thiab fiber ntau sib haum
Txawv wavelengths pab cov laj thawj sib txawv hauv kev sib txuas lus kho qhov txawv, thiab cov qauv hloov transceiver sib txawv raws li.
Ntau lub tshuab (850nm)
Luv {-}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}} center} data center within within within within Hauv Ib Lub Tsev lossis Cov Ntaub Ntawv Chaw Hauv Paus Tsev Kawm Ntawv Ib Zaug Nrog 850nm VCitters. Ntau cov fiber ntau muaj qhov loj dua (50 lossis 62,5 microns) uas tso cai rau ntau txoj kev teeb lossis "hom" rau propagate ib txhij. Qhov no ua rau txuas ntxiv thiab txo tus nqi, tab sis modal dispersion lim dej ntawm kev sib txawv me ntsis, ua rau mem tes kis las. Om3 Fiber txhawb 10 Gbps mus rau 300 metres, thaum OM4 txuas ntxiv no rau 400 metres thiab om5 txuas ntxiv kom ua kom zoo rau cov kis mus thaum uas ua kom parallel.
Ib Leeg - Hom Hom Fiber Systems (1310Nm thiab 1550NM)
Ntev - nrug nrug kev kis kom muaj ib qho- hom fiber ntau (9 microns) uas muaj teeb pom kev zoo ib yam. Qhov no tshem tawm cov qauv dispal, pub ntau qhov kev ncua deb. Lub suab 1310mm wavelength nyob rau hauv qhov qis- hom fiber ntau, thaum muaj 152 dB / KM piv rau 0.35 DB / KM ntawm 1310NM).
Rau cov spans dhau 80km, them nyiaj tsis zoo yog tsim nyog txawm tias ntawm 1550nm. Cov kev hloov pauv hloov kho siv cov kev hloov kho sab nraud thiab tej zaum cov lasers kom meej kom tswj tau lub chaw kho qhov muag.
DWDM Wavelength Train
Dirt Wavelength DivisTength (DWDM) Kev hloov pauv lub teeb rau ntawm lub teeb, feem ntau sib nrug DFB Laser ib leeg tsis ruaj khov rau dwdm {{}} Cov transnelown ntsuas kub mus rau hauv ± 0.02nm dhau ntawm kev ua haujlwm ntau.
Daim qauv thiab kev hloov zuj zus
Lub ntim ntim ntawm kev hloov pauv ntawm transceivers tau hloov zuj zus mus kom haum raws li kev nrawm dua thaum tswj lossis txo qhov loj me.
SFP thiab SFP + (txog 16 Gbps)
Daim ntawv me me - kev sib xyaw ua ke (SFP) Qauv tshwm sim hauv lub sijhawm 2000s, muab ib qho kev tsim qauv sib xyaw ua ntej ntawm kev ua haujlwm nrawm. SFP Landles 1 Gbps, Thaum SFP + ncua hluav taws xob interface los txhawb 10 GBPS. Cov qauv no ntsuas ntsuas 13.4mm × 8.5mm × 56mm, me me txaus uas hloov pauv tuaj yeem ntim 48 chaw nres nkoj tuaj yeem ntim 48 chaw nres nkoj tuaj yeem ntim 48 chaw nres nkoj hauv ib chav tsev ib leeg.
QSFP28 thiab QSFP - dd (100-400 gbps)
Plaubd SFP (QSFP) hom ntawv sib xyaw ua plaub raws li ib qho module. QSFP28 siv plaub 25 Gbps txoj kab kev (feem ntau nrog NRZ) kom ua tiav 100 GBPS tag nrho. QSFP - dl (ob npaug DD tsim tswj hwm tib qhov dav raws li QSFP28 tab sis siv lub tshuab txuas siab nrog cov khoom siv hluav taws xob ntxiv.
OSFP thiab yav tom ntej tawm tswv yim
Raws li kev lag luam thawb mus rau 800 gbps thiab 1.6 tbps, lub octal SFP (OSFP) muaj yim qhov tseem ceeb thiab tsis muaj tseeb thaum modules dissipate 12-15 watts. Qee cov neeg muag khoom tsim QSFP112 rau 400 GBPS tshaj plaub 100 GBPS txoj kab kev, txawm hais tias hom kev sib tw hom ntawv tseem ceeb ntawm cov nrawm.
Txhua daim ntawv foos txhais tau tias lub cev me me tab sis cov hluav taws xob tshwj xeeb, cov kev txwv hluav taws xob, thiab kev tswj hwm interocols, kom muaj kev cuam tshuam nrog cov neeg muag khoom.
Cov Nyiaj Siv Hluav Taws Xob thiab Link Tsim
Ntse depopersing AOI transceivers yuav tsum to taub cov peev nyiaj hluav taws xob hauv lub teeb liab nce thiab poob hla qhov txuas.
Ib qho kev hloov pauv hluav taws xob lub zog feem ntau yog li ntawm {{2} {{5} {} -} mus txog cov qauv tsim. Tus txais kev tau txais cov rhiab heev tuaj yeem yog -14 DBM rau 10 gbps er cov ntawv thov lossis -25 DBM rau kev rhiab ntev ntev ntev ntev. Qhov sib txawv ntawm cov txiaj ntsig no yog koj lub zog nyiaj txiag.
Fiber ntau Attenuation noj feem ntau ntawm cov nyiaj txiag no- 0.3 db / k} db / k} db / k}}} hom fiber ntau. Connector poob ntxiv 0.3-0.5 DB Txhua, Sprice poob peev nyiaj 0.05-6 DB system margin rau kev laus, thiab kev poob siab.
Rau 40km txuas ntawm 1310NM: 0.3 DB / KM {4 4}}}}}}} {{9 {9} DB tag nrho txoj kev ploj. Yog tias koj cov lus xa tawm 0 dbm thiab koj cov neeg tau txais kev xav tau - 18 dbm, koj muaj nyiaj siv 18 DB muaj peev xwm txaus.
Qhov kev txiav txim siab no yog vim li cas ntev {{0} haul systems siv 1550nm (qis} Lub zog transmitters, feem ntau nrog kho qhov muag tshaj plaws dhau 80km.
Kev tawm thev naus laus zis thiab yav tom ntej cov lus qhia
AOI Transceier kev lag luam txuas ntxiv hloov kho tshiab uas tau tsav los ntawm hyperscale cov ntaub ntawv chaw tsim nyog thiab kev sib txuas lus.
Silicon photonics kev sib xyaw ua ke yuav txo cov nqi tsim kev tsim qauv los ntawm kev siv cov teeb meem fab. Hloov chaw ntawm kev txiav txim siab TOSA thiab Rosa sib dhos, Silicon Phower cov khoom siv, thiab cov neeg kuaj khoom, thiab cov khoom siv hluav taws xob, xav tau kev ua haujlwm ntawm laser zoo tshaj plaws.
Co -}} packaged optics (CPO) txav kev hloov pauv ncaj qha rau kev hloov silicon pob khoom thiab latencing thaum lub sij hawm hloov chaw nres nkoj ceev. Thaum Ntxov CPO ua qauv qhia ua tiav 51.2 Tbps rau ib qho hloov asic los ntawm kev tshem tawm cov hluav taws xob serdes zog thiab kev txwv qhov kev txwv.
Tawm - khiav tawm optics (lpo) Ua kom yooj yim rau cov hluav taws xob, dhau kev ntsuas hluav taws xob ncaj qha ntawm tus tswv tsev thiab optics nrog cov tsav tsheb. Qhov no txo hwj chim tau siv los ntawm 40 {- 50% piv rau retimed modules, txawm hais tias nws yuav tsum tau ua kom zoo pcb tsim thiab yuam kev mus txog kev txwv.
Quantum dot lasers cog lus cog lus sim kub - kev ua haujlwm tsis muaj cov neeg txias, txo cov hluav taws xob thermule thiab tus nqi. Ntxov ntxov ua rau pom muaj kev ua haujlwm ntawm -40℃rau +95℃nrog minimal wavelength hloov chaw.
Cov Lus Nquag Nug
Dab tsi yog qhov sib txawv ntawm AOI transceivers thiab lwm hom lag luam?
AOI (thov lwm yam transloelectring transc.) tsim kho kho kho qhov muag transcegivers thiab cov khoom siv, tab sis cov ntsiab cai tseem ceeb yog nyob ntawm txhua tus muag khoom. Lub tshuab hluav taws xob ntawm lub cev ntawm photheelectric kev hloov dua siab tsis hloov raws li cov chaw tsim khoom. Qhov twg hom kev sib txawv yog nyob rau hauv kev tsim khoom zoo, ntsuas kub ntau yam tshwj xeeb, kev ua haujlwm hluav taws xob, thiab kev tiv thaiv thiab ntseeg tau. Multi -} Qhov twg los xij: Nco ntsoov tias ua raws cov transcos los ntawm cov neeg muag khoom sib txawv ua haujlwm sib txawv hauv tib cov khoom siv.
Koj puas tuaj yeem pom lub teeb rov los ntawm kev kho fiber ntau optic?
Tsis {- transceivers khiav haujlwm ntawm infrared wavelengths (850nm, lossis 1550nm) tsis pom rau tib neeg lub qhov muag. Txawm lub 850nm vcels lub teeb tshwm li tsaus muag liab zoo tshaj. Tsis txhob saib ncaj qha rau hauv ib qho chaw nres nkoj fiber ntau lossis transceiver; Thaum lub zog muaj zog yog tsawg (feem ntau milliwatts), cov nqaj yog collimated thiab tsom mus rau kev ua kom muaj kev puas tsuaj ib ce. Chav kawm 1M laser kev nyab xeeb muaj nyob rau qhov laj thawj no.
Vim li cas qee transceivers muaj ob lub fibers thaum lwm tus siv ib qho?
Kev hloov pauv ib txwm muaj ob fibers -}}}}}-}}}}}}}}}}}}} iontength nyob rau hauv cov lus qhia rov qab. Bidirectional (Bidi) transceivers siv ib qho fiber ntau nrog WDM lim uas cais ob lub wavelengths: ib qho rau ntws mus, ib qho rau hauv qab. BIDI Cov qauv tsim kom txuag tau fiber ntau tab sis raug nqi me ntsis vim WDM Cheebtsam WDM. CWDM thiab DWDM systems mainx ntau wavelengths mus rau ib fiber sib khub siv cov neeg sab nraud.
Ntev npaum li cas kho qhov transcegerivers tom qab dhau los?
Laser degradation yog thawj lub neej txwv. Feem ntau transceivers suav 100,000 txog 200,000 teev txhais tau tias tsis ua tiav (MTBF) ntawm 25℃ua haujlwm kub. Hauv kev xyaum, cov qauv feem ntau khiav 5-10 xyoo ua ntej poob, nrog cov kev kub siab dua, muaj qhov kub siab dua nrawm nrawm nrawm. Lub zog ua haujlwm tswj cov hluav taws xob them rov qab rau grardual laser degradation los ntawm kev tsav tsheb tam sim no thiab thaum kawg tsis tuaj yeem tswj xyuas lub zog tso zis. Cua txias kom ntev dua kev hloov pauv kev hloov pauv lub neej.
Cov kev qhia yuam kev kom nkag siab
Thaum xaiv transceivers, ob peb yam tshwj xeeb cuam tshuam ncaj ncees ua tau zoo:
Hloov cov specipations:Tso zis ntau zog (DBM), qhov dav dav (NM), extinction piv (DB), thiab sab} hom kev ua si (DB rau cov teeb meem DFB) Chaw wavelength kam rau tseem ceeb rau DWDM daim ntawv thov.
Tus txais specifications:Qhov rhiab (DBM) piav txog qhov tsawg kawg nkaus optical xav tau rau cov kev ua yuam kev tshwj xeeb (feem ntau 10 ^ -12). Lub zog loj heev taw qhia txog qhov siab tshaj plaws lub zog ua ntej kev puas tsuaj lossis ntau dhau kev cuam tshuam. Optical rov qab muaj teeb meem tshwj xeeb teeb meem rau kev tiv thaiv kev xav tias txoj kev ua kom zoo.
Hluav Taws Xob Interface:Kev impedance sib txawv (feem ntau 100 ohms), cov zis voltage viav vias, thiab Jitter cov ntsiab lus tshwj xeeb yuav tsum ua cov cuab yeej tswv yim. SFP siv LVPECL Signaling, QSFP28 siv NRZ ntawm 25.78 GBPS, thaum qsfp {4 4}} dlsfp} 2.125 gbaud.
Kev Ntaus Ib Puag Ncig:Kev Lag Luam Kub (0 Qib rau 70 Degree), Txuas ntxiv}}}}} Degree (} Degree) Degualation qhia qhov kev tswj hwm thermal yuav tsum tau. Lub hwj chim dissipation hauv Watts cuam tshuam cov cua txias yuav tsum tau - QSFP-DD cov qauv muaj peev xwm tshaj 12W.
Digital CAREARSICS:Lub tswb thiab ceeb toom tshuab hluav taws xob rau qhov kub, voltage, kev tsis txaus siab tam sim no, thiab lub zog rx, thiab rx zog pab tau kev soj ntsuam cov kev soj ntsuam cov lus qhia kev ua haujlwm. Qhov tseeb specifications (feem ntau ± 3 DB rau kev kho qhov muag) muaj teeb meem thaum daws teeb meem sib txuas.
Nkag siab cov lus no tso cai rau kev xaiv Transceiver thiab cov teeb meem daws teeb meem thaum txuas underperform lossis swb.