Cov Kev Pab Cuam Tshuam Yuav tsum tau siv thev naus laus zis

 

Coherent Transporter engritude siv amplitude, theem, thiab polarization modulation, uas yuav tsum tau sophisticated digital teeb liab cov txheej txheem thiab kev sib koom ua ke. Cov cuab yeej siv tau ua tiav cov ntaub ntawv ntawm 100g mus rau 1.6t thaum tswj xyuas kev ncaj ncees thoob plaws ntau pua mais.

Cov thev naus laus zis ua ke peb lub tswv yim tsim kho no tau ua rau muaj kwv yees li 16% ntawm kev siv hluav taws xob zoo li 16}}

 

 

Vim li cas digital teeb liab ua tswv yim kev ua haujlwm

 

DSP Chip ua haujlwm ua haujlwm raws li cov neeg hluav taws xob ntawm cov sib kis cov tshuab sib kis. Nyob rau ntawm 7nm txheej txheem ntsuas geometry, cov txheej txheem no kho kev hloov pauv ntau tshaj li 50,000}}}} txhua lub sij hawm tswj hwm lub zog tsis sib xws.

Niaj hnub DSPs niaj hnub siv practellistic shating tas li kev ua ntej, ib txheej txheem uas ua kom cov zog faib thoob plaws cov cim kev sib txawv. Es tsis siv tag nrho 16 cov ntsiab lus hauv 16 -} ceg favors tsawg-lub zog sab hauv constellation ntsiab lus ntau zaus. Txoj hauv kev no nthuav kev sib kis tau ncav cuag los ntawm 20-30% tsis muaj kev nce qib siab lossis yuav tsum tau ua kom muaj txiaj ntsig ntxiv.

Kev siv kev sib tw piav qhia txog vim li cas DSP kev nce qib tsav Coherent Evolution. Tsiv los ntawm 16nm mus txog 7nm txheej txheem nodes txo lub zog siv hluav taws xob los ntawm ntau tshaj 75% thaum ua kom muaj kev twv txiaj qib siab dua. Cov tuam txhab zoo li Marvell ua tiav qhov no nrog lawv Canopus architecture, cov qauv nyob rau xyoo 2019 thiab ua kom tus thawj tub luam 400G ZR modules. Cov nti txhawb nqa ntau {{8} Txoj kev ua haujlwm ntau ntawm 100g, 300g, thiab 400g, nrog cov khoom siv xaiv rau qhov yuav tsum tau ua.

Ua cov khoom ua kom pom muaj teeb meem ntau li ntau ntawm qhov loj me. DSP muaj cov cim sib txawv: serializer - Cov ntaub ntawv sib tw ua ke, thiab cov cim kev sib tw ua kom haum rau cov khoom siv hluav taws xob thiab cov kev ua kom haum rau cov kev tsis txaus siab fiber ntau thiab- lub sijhawm. Txhua lub block yuav tsum muaj cov cuab yeej txawj ntse tshwj xeeb, uas yog vim li cas thiaj li muaj kev sib xyaw ua ke zoo li Nokia, Infintera, thiab Cisco tuav DSP tsim lub peev xwm.

Kev ua haujlwm fais fab ua tau cov kev txwv tseem ceeb. Nrog DSPs siv cov kwv yees li ib nrab ntawm tag nrho cov kev tswj hwm kev hloov pauv Lub 15W Kev Siv Nyiaj Txiag rau cov qauv no tsuas yog 5-7W rau DSP kev ua haujlwm tom qab suav nrog cov khoom siv kho qhov muag thiab cov tsav tsheb. Qhov kev txwv no tau thawb cov kev lag luam mus rau 5nm txheej txheem nodes rau 800g daim ntawv thov, qhov twg Marvell's Orion Orion DSP cov hom phiaj txawm tias qis zog ib zaug.

 

Advanced Modulation kev ua tau zoo

 

Coherent transceivers leverage quartrature quadrature tau hloov kho los encode cov ntaub ntawv density. Hauv 16 - Yog Qm hom ntawv, txhua lub cim los sawv cev plaub qhov me me los ntawm kev sib txuas ua ke ntawm cov xeev thiab theem xeev. Ib qho kev siv dual-polarization Yim qhov loj me rau ib lub cim nyob rau hauv Orthaogonal Polarization hom cais los ntawm 90 degrees.

Cov kev txiav txim siab ua lag luam ncaj qha ntawm cov ntaub ntawv tus nqi thiab kho qhov muag tawm {}- lub suab sib piv. QINTEK kev hloov kho, encoding ob lub khoom nyob rau ib lub cim, tiv taus osnr li 12-14 dB thiab pab txhawb kev sib ntaus ntau tshaj 4,000 km ntawm 100g tus nqi. Ruam rau 16-Qam Quadrolluples los ntawm 400g tab sis yuav tsum muaj osnr saum 22 dB, txwv tsis pub mus txog li 1,000-1,500 km nyob ntawm fiber ntau. Cov lus txiav txim siab dua zoo li 64-Qam thawb cov ntaub ntawv tus nqi rau 600g nyob rau hauv ib nthwv dej, tab sis cov tee khwv tau zoo tshaj plaws hauv qab 200 km vim muaj hnub nyoog li 28 dB.

Qhov kev sib txheeb ntawm kev hloov kho cov kev nyuaj thiab mus txog rau cov qauv network xa khoom. Cov ntaub ntawv nruab nrab kev sib txuas ua ke 80 {{- 12 {}} qab cov ntawv thov hauv cov ntawv txheej txheem 400g. Metro Networks txuas ntxiv 300 {- 500 km tej zaum xaiv 8 {}} qab ua kom sib npaug thiab deb. Ntev ntev cables hla hiav txwv feem ntau yuav rov qab rau QPSK rau siab tshaj plaws resilience, lees txais qis ib-wavelength muaj peev xwm sib pauv rau ntau txhiab-mais veter.

Kev loj polarization multiblexing ob npaug bandwidth los ntawm kev kho cov kab rov tav thiab ntsug polarizations raws li cov ntaub ntawv ywj siab raws cov ntaub ntawv. Tus tau txais DSP yuav tsum rhuav tshem cov ntaub ntawv siv thiab them nyiaj rau polarization hom kev sib cais uas ua rau sib txawv qeeb. Qhov no ntxiv computational complexity tab sis tseem ceeb rau kev ua tiav cov ntaub ntawv lag luam, ib qho kev hloov kho tus nqi lossis txav mus rau qhov kev txiav txim siab siab.

Cov kev tshawb fawb tsis ntev los no tseem ceeb dua - Cov ntawv xaj. Ua qauv qhia txog 256 {{{{-}}}}}}} qhov siv prinabilistic shaping los tswj cov theem luv los ntawm cov qev tsawg. Thaum zoo li cov qauv no tseem tab tom sim rau kev xa tawm ntau lawm, lawv tau qhia txoj hauv kev ua haujlwm yav tom ntej dsp ua lub zog thiab kho qhov muag precision zoo dua.

 

Silicon photonics kev sib xyaw kom loj thiab tus nqi

 

Silicon photonics ua cov monolithic sib koom ntawm kev ua haujlwm kho kho ntawm kho qhov muag siv Cmos Fabrication txheej txheem. Ib txwm coherent optical ster {{}}}}}}}}} pa taws sib xyaw, thiab sib xyaw ua ke ntawm ib qho silicon nti ntsuas ob peb lub suab nruab nrab millimeters. Qhov kev sib xyaw ua ke yav dhau los txiav txim siab sib xyaw ua ke nrog Fiber ntau dua Fiber ntau dua li {} Tus txheej txheem sib xyaw ua ke thiab cov khoom siv pluggable tsim.

Lub thev naus laus zis Khuam Qib khuam temiconductor pom muaj peev xwm. Ntauwd seviconductor Ph18 txheej txheem, siv los ntawm sib koom ua ke rau lawv cov khoom lag luam transceal, thiab modguting siv kho qhov muag kho mob, thiab modeGuides, thiab modeferstides, thiab modefters siv cov silicon- Insulator wafers. Cov pob zeb no tau ua haujlwm ntawm cov nplai rau cov chips hluav taws xob, ua kom cov ntaub ntawv ntim khoom siv hluav taws xob uas yuav ua tsis tau nrog tshwj xeeb optical fabrication kab.

Silicon lub bandgap tsis ncaj qha rau kev txwv tsis pub dhau - nws tsis tau muaj txiaj ntsig lossis pom lub teeb ntawm kev sib txuas lus wavelengths. Kev daws teeb meem koom nrog heterogeneous kev koom ua ke nrog III- v Cov ntaub ntawv zoo li cov phosphide hauv nruab nrab thiab cov ntawv xov xwm German. Qee qhov kev siv siv Edging {{}} txuas txuas rau wafer sib dhos los ntawm cov silicon pic, thaum {v tuag rau silicon. Txhua txoj hauv kev lag luam tawm ntawm kev sib xyaw ua ke tawm tsam kev sib raug zoo thiab tus nqi.

Kev ua hauj lwm siv ntau dua ntawm cov silicon photonics kev txhim kho txoj kev. Txheem ntshav ntshav -}}}}}}} kev txhaj tshuaj nrog kev ua haujlwm siab, qis} {}} tiam 800g thiab 1.6nt tus nqi. Qhov kev txwv txwv no ntawm kev tshawb nrhiav ntawm pockels - effect cov ntaub ntawv. Nyias {{10} Wena Nyeem Lithium Niobate sib koom ua si nrog silicon substrates muaj qis dua li silical thiab ntawm cov txheej txheem ntau dua.

Kev lag luam rooj plaub tau ua yuam kev ntawm ntim. Thaum pib lub photonic npog tau nqi nqi lab nyiaj, thiab tsim kev tsim qauv Cycles Laiv 12-18 lub hlis. Txawm li cas los xij, Wafefer kev ua cov nqi sib piv nyob twj ywm rau cov chips hluav taws xob ib zaug ua ntau dua 100,000 chav nyob txhua xyoo. Rau cov ntaub ntawv nruab nrab CONGPEWARKENGE SHIPPING hauv ntau lab ntawm cov chav nyob, silicon photonics muab kev txo 2-3x them nqi piv rau cov kev sib dhos ua ke.

Qhov sov ruaj khov sawv cev rau lwm qhov zoo dua. Silicon modulators muaj kev nthuav tawm wavelength hloov ntawm kwv yees li 0.08 nm ib qib Celsius, tswj hwm los ntawm nthwv dej oscillator laser. Qhov kev tshem tawm no tshem tawm rau cov neeg txias txias rau ntawm cov neeg tsim khoom txias hauv ntau cov qauv siv, txo kev siv fais fab tuag. Kev ntsuas hluav taws xob rau kev lag luam kub (-40 Qib rau 85 degree) tam sim no ua tiav qhov kev qhia tshwj xeeb no uas tsis muaj cua txias.

 

 

Baud tus nqi thiab cim ua cov kev nyuaj

 

Cim cim txiav txim siab qhov tseem ceeb ntawm lub moos nrawm ntawm cov sib kis cov kab ke. Cov qauv txheej txheem 400g tam sim no ua haujlwm ntawm 64 gigabaud, lub ntsiab lus DSP cov txheej txheem 64 billion cim ib ob. Ua ke nrog 16-Qam encoding (4 me me rau ib lub cim) thiab ob lub peev xwm ntawm 400 gbps tom qab kev ua yuam kev txhim kho ua haujlwm.

Ncauj Ncauj Lus Ceeb Toom Ncaj Ncees Ncaj Ncees Ncaj Ncees tab sis ntsib kev txwv lub cev. Ntawm 90 gigabaud, pom los ntawm Nokia's pse- v architure, tib hom 16-Qam hom 600g muaj peev xwm. Txawm li cas los xij, hluav taws xob interconns ntawm DSP thiab Optical Cheebtsam lub ntsej muag muaj cov kev txwv bandwidth. Cov teeb liab kev ncaj ncees ua raws li trace ntev thiab cov hlau sib txuas hlau ua qhia pom poob thiab kev faib tawm ntawm cov zaus no. Qhov kev lag luam no tau tsav tsheb mus rau 3D sib xyaw ua ke uas yog tsav tsheb, thiab silicon photic lub cav sib txuas nrog tsawg kawg nkaus nrog kev sib txuam tsawg.

Cov kev sib txheeb ntawm hluav taws xob thiab kho qhov muag cuam tshuam tsim cov kev tsim qauv tsim. Ib qho 400g {- zr transcealface rau tus tswv System yim 50 Gi}}} 4 signaling. Sab hauv, DSP hloov siab no mus rau plaub 64 - gbd kho qhov muag. Qhov kev tsis sib xws no yuav tsum tau "Gearbox" ua haujlwm, kev lig kev cai siv hauv DSP firmware. Cov kev hloov dua siab tshiab qhia tau latency, feem ntau yog 200- 500}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}} ecitatic rau ultra-latency trading systems lossis cov sij hawm tswj tau tiag tiag loops.

Cov cim ntau dua cov nqi kuj yuav xav tau zoo dua fiber ntau. Thaum 64 GBD, Txuj Ci Zoo- hom fiber ntau cov tshuaj ntsuam tswj cov chromatic dispersion nyob ib ncig ntawm 17 PS / KM / KM. Nce mus rau 90 GBD tsa dispersion- inducter rau cov cim qhia dav dav, yuav tsum tau siv ntau dua DSP sib npaug lossis cov tsheb kis las sib npaug. Qhov no tsim cov suab qab nthab ncig 100 GBD nrog cov cuab yeej fiber ntau tam sim no, tab sis muaj cov DSP muaj zog dua tuaj yeem thawb lub ciam teb no.

Xa mus rau qhov yuam kev kho tau ntxiv rau cov neeg siv nyiaj ua haujlwm uas teev nrog cov cim kev nyuaj. Yooj yim nyuaj -}}}}}}} Kev txiav txim siab ua kom tiav coding ntau dua 20%}} 25%} 25% OVEW. Rau ib qho 64 {- GBD, 16-Qam System Tsim 512 Gbps Raw, 20% FECPS POM ZAUB 410 ze rau 400g Lub Hom Phiaj. DSP yuav tsum tau tsim kho qhov kev kho no hauv lub sijhawm tiag tiag nrog Latencies hauv qab 1 Micreen, tso cov kev xav tau ntawm kev ua vaj tse.

 

Chromatic thiab Polarization Nyiaj Txiag

 

Optical fiber inherently disperses different wavelengths at different velocities, an effect called chromatic dispersion measured in picoseconds per nanometer per kilometer. Tshaj 100 km ntawm tus qauv ib {{2 2}} hom fiber ntau, ib lub teeb liab muaj kwv yees li 1,700 ps / nm ntawm dispersion. Yog tsis muaj kev them nqi, cov mem tes no kis mus rau cov cim kev ncaj ncees rau cov ntaub ntawv cov nqi sib dhos saum 10 Gbps.

Legacy DWDM Systems hais txog qhov siv kev them nyiaj tsis raug cai no - spool ntawm cov fiber ntau nrog cov yam ntxwv tsis zoo nrog cov yam ntxwv tsis zoo. Cov khoom siv passive no ntxiv cov kev ua kom muaj qhov kav, yuav tsum tau ua kom haum engineering rau txhua qhov txuas ncua, thiab nyob hauv qhov chaw tseem ceeb. Coherent DSPS tshem tawm qhov yuav tsum tau ua los ntawm kev suav tus nqi hloov pauv kev ua haujlwm thiab ua ntawv siv cov khoom siv digital thiab thov cov cim. Lub algorithm tsuas yog reverses lub theem sib hloov uas chromatic disciption imparts thoob plaws lub teeb liab bandwidth.

Niaj hnub nimno pawg DSPS them rau chromatic dispersion tshaj 100,000 PS / NM, sib npaug rau 600 km ntawm cov qauv fiber ntau nrog cov npoo. Cov kev suav yuav muaj zaus zaus- sua lim, suav ua tau zoo los ntawm Fast Fourier hloov algorithms. Txawm li cas los xij, cov lim ntev thiab hloov kho tus nqi DSP cov peev txheej DSP, uas yog vim li cas cov kev sib tw thaum ntxov ua haujlwm ntawm cov nqi baud thaum qis dua tam sim no. Raws li DSP ua lub zog loj hlob nrog Moore txoj cai lij choj, kev them nyiaj ntau dua thaum muaj kev siv fais fab tsis kam.

Polarization hom disisent tshwm sim los ntawm me birefringence nyob rau hauv fiber ntau - kab rov tav thiab ntsug polarization ceev. PMD sib txawv xws li fiber ntau thiab hloov nrog qhov kub thiab kev ntxhov siab, ua kom them nrog cov ntxaij lim dej zoo li qub. PMD qhov tseem ceeb feem ntau ntsuas 0.1-0.5 PS / √Ukm, accumulating rau 3-15 PS ntau dua 1,000 km spans.

DSP chaw nyob PMD los ntawm kev sib luag sib luag siv cov qauv hloov pauv tas mus li lossis cov txheej txheem zoo sib xws. Cov algoriths khiav polarization kev sib hloov thiab pab pawg sib hloov qeeb hauv qhov tseeb- Lub sijhawm, kho dua tshiab rau txhua ob peb lub micneConds kom ua raws li kev hloov ib puag ncig. Kev sib txig sib luag kom muaj kev sib npaug rau txhua qhov hnoos qeev, siv kwv yees li 20% ntawm DSP ua peev xwm. Transceivers Qhia kom meej txog PMD ntau tshaj PMD, feem ntau 50 PS rau 400g modules, kev txwv kev xa tawm dhau los lossis kev ntxhov siab fiber ntau cov nroj tsuag.

Nonlinear teebmeem nthuav tawm txoj kev sib tw thib peb. Thaum lub zog kho qhov muag kub, lub fiber ntau index yuav siv tsis tau li ntawm WDM raws cov channel. Cov teebmeem no loj hlob nrog fiber ntau thiab lub zog kho qhov muag, thaum kawg ua rau muaj lub zog tua hluav taws xob uas tuaj yeem siv tau. Thaum DSP tuaj yeem them nyiaj rau txoj kev tsis txaus siab zoo li cov kev them nyiaj chromatic uas tsis muaj kev cuam tshuam nrog cov teeb meem hluav taws xob ua ntej. Qee qhov kev siv siab ua haujlwm siv ua ntej ua ntej ua ntej ua ntej ua ntej tshaj tawm rau lub transmitter, cov teeb meem fiber ntau ua rau nws rov qab los ntawm tus txais.

 

Daim Ntawv Qhia Txog Kev Txhim Kho thiab Lub Zog Kev Tiv Thaiv

 

Coherent transceivers pib li kab - daim npav kev siv ntau pua ntawm watts thoob plaws ntau chassis slots. Lub CFP Daim Ntawv Sau Ua Ntej, qhia nyob ib ncig ntawm 2010, tau ua tiav kwv yees li 100W lub zog hauv ib qho kev hloov pauv loj loj. CFP2 cov modules txo qhov no rau 40 - 60, ua kom ib leeg - Qhov sib txuam ua ke. Qhov kev sib tawg mus rau QSFP-DD (15W) thiab OSFP (20-25W) Cov qauv kev hloov pauv tau piav qhia saum toj no: 7nm dsps, silicon photonics kev ua kom zoo.

Lub 15W qsfp - DD lub hnab ntawv siv hluav taws xob ua kom ntev li no: 6,4 9}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}} {}}} Cov peev txheej nruj no cov qauv tsim muaj nuj nqis. Cov yam ntxwv zoo li ob txoj haujlwm ua haujlwm ntxiv thiab ua kom zoo dua ntxiv ua cov thauj khoom uas yuav tsis haum rau hauv kev txwv lub zog. Kev tswj hwm thermal ua rau tseem ceeb-15W dissipated los ntawm ib qho me me module yuav tsum tau ceev faj cov qauv siv thiab cov tswv yim siv tshuab hluav taws xob.

OSFP's Loj Loj thiab 20- 25W Khoom Siv Nyiaj Siv Nyiaj Siv Nyiaj Txiag ntau dua. Lub Openzr + Specification hom phiaj tswj hauv OSFP hom kev ua haujlwm, txhawb nqa cov zis ntau dua DSP algorithms, thiab txuas ntxiv rau qhov kub thiab txias. Qhov ntxiv 5-10w enables cov yam zoo li probabilistic shaping thiab siab dua fec uas tau txais mus txog 120 {7} {{} km sib piv rau theem pib 400zr kev siv.

Co -} Packaged Optics sawv cev rau kev sib koom ua ntej tom ntej. Tsis yog lilgable modules, CPO chaw potonic dies ncaj qha rau kev hloov silicon, tshem tawm hluav taws xob serializer- deserializers thiab lawv cov kev siv hluav taws xob. Hauv CPO vaj tse, tus txheej txheem kho qhov muag kho qhov muag tau ploj mus 5W rau 400g lub peev xwm, piv rau 15W hauv cov khoom siv ntsaws ruaj. Qhov 3x lub zog txo los ntawm cov txheej txheem hluav taws xob luv luv thiab tshem tawm ntawm cov theem tsis muaj kev sib tw ntawm cov cim qhia. Txawm li cas los xij, CroPO txhiv teb hloov chaw, ua tiav kev tsim khoom thiab kev pabcuam.

Cov qauv ntawm lub cev ua haujlwm kom sib npaug nrog kev tsim kho tshiab. OF OF 400ZR Kev Ua Lus Pom Zoo tsis pom zoo ntawm cov kev sib txuam ntawm cov khoom siv rau cov khoom siv 16qam-}} Openzr + Extends Qhov no mus rau Metro qhov kev ncua nrog ntau qhov tsis haum. Cov txheej txheem kev siv zoo li Ciena lub Weleloger lossis Infintera cov dej khov thawb kev ua tau zoo ntxiv tab sis yuav tsum tau sib phim cov cuab yeej ntawm ob qho txuas.

 

 

Ntev -} haul kev ua haujlwm thiab cov nyiaj siv kho qhov muag

 

Kis tau chaw nyob ntawm cov khoom siv kho qhov muag siv kho qhov hluav taws xob}}}}} qhov sib txawv ntawm launched zog thiab cov neeg tau txais kev paub zoo. Ib qho 400g {- zr module ib feem ntau ua tiav 0 dbm launchiforing kho qhov muag tshiab, yielding 20 db fais fab nyiaj. Tom qab cov nyiaj tau los rau 3-4 db connector poob, fiber delenenuation ntawm 0.2 DB / KM, thiab cov npoo, qhov no ua rau kwv yees li 80 km ncav cuag.

Metro -} Cov transsitionized transceed ncav cuag los ntawm lub zog ua haujlwm thiab txhim kho cov neeg tau txais kev paub zoo. Openzr + kev siv ua tiav +4 dbm tawm los ntawm kev sib xyaw ua ke los ntawm kev txhim kho dsp algorithms thiab qis cov suab nrov photodetectors. Kev txhim kho 2800 KM spans nrog kho qhov muag, lossis 1, {} km nrog erbium-doped fiber ntau tshaj plaws txhua 80-100 KM.

Ntev - haul sub sub submarine ua haujlwm txawv. Es tsis hloov pauv transceivers, cov kab no - daim npav ua kev siv nrog cov high sab nraud high {} Spacing Ovical Amplifiers txhua 50 -}}}}}}}} tswj hwm teeb liab lub zog hla kev ncua deb. Tus lej metric tseem ceeb tshaj plaws- muaj pes tsawg tus me me rau ib ob ntawm cov kab hluav taws xob. Kev nqis siab ua tau tiav 8-10 hom / s / HZ los ntawm PCs, High-Order Qam thaum Oscristicated FEC muab 11-12 dB coding nce.

DWDM multiplexing aggregates ntau lub wavelength raws mus rau ib leeg fibers. Niaj hnub nimno lub tshuab txhawb 96 rau 50 GHz spacing hla c} band, lossis 192 channel ntawm 25 GHz spacels nrog kev lim tuab. Ib qho kev thauj khoom txhua tus yuav nqa lub cev yuav nqa 200+ wavelengths, txhua ntawm 400g, yielding 80 tbps sib sau ua ke ntawm ib khub fiber. Coherent Transceiversivers yuav tsum ua voj voog nrog cov chaw nyob ib sab nrog cov crosstalk minimal, xav tau lub ntsej muag kho qhov muag thiab meej wavelengthe.

Reconfigurable kho qhov muag ntxiv - poob ntau txoj kev kho tshiab waveltengthing tsis muaj kev hloov kho {}}}} dua hloov dua siab tshiab. Coherent transceivers ua haujlwm nrog cov kev hloov pauv ntawm kev ceev faj kev tswj hwm thiab tsim nyog tso tawm cov kev tswj hwm txoj kev tuag, feem ntau 10-15 dB rau cov mesh motions. Lub tunable lasers hauv coherent modules txhawb nqa wavelength recwbuuration hauv feeb hloov, tus yuam sij rau kev hloov kho cov network.

 

Kev ua raws txoj kev sib tw thiab tsim kev lag luam - Offs

 

Kev sib xyaw ua ke nthuav tawm cov kev sib tw pheej hmoo. Silicon photonics requires precise thickness control of waveguide layers-variations of 1-2 nanometers shift resonant wavelengths and degrade performance. Heterogeneous kev sib xyaw ntawm iii {{- v lasers rau silicon subttrates xav tau sub-} ectecect coupling. Kev tsim khoom tawm los tseem nkag siab cov kev hloov pauv, tab sis tab tom txhim kho nrog cov khoom siv ua kom zoo.

Kev tswj hwm thermal hais ua tiav daim foos. Cov hwj chim muaj hwj chim dissipation ntawm 15W hauv qsfp- DD module tsim hotspots ntau tshaj li 80℃ntawm kev junctions feem ntau. Qhov kev kub siab no hloov cov hlua roj av laser, kev sib txawv ntawm cov kev saib xyuas qhov muag hauv silicon yoj, thiab ua kom nrawm dua qub. Cua sov kis los ntawm cov hlau heatsinks thiab ceev faj PCB thermal tsim tshuaj ntsuab cov teebmeem no, tab sis thermal kev txwv ntau yam kev ua haujlwm siab tshaj plaws.

Kev Soj Ntsuam thiab Tsim Nyog Txuas ncua sijhawm. Coherent transceivers yuav tsum tau piav qhia qhov yuam kev qis dua hauv qab 10 ^-15-15 thoob plaws ntau dua, thiab cov kab sib dhos thiab cov fiber ntau. Kev ua raws li kev ua raws kev qhia txog ethernet framing, otn encapsulation, thiab kev tswj hwm kev sib koom tes. Interoperability siv tau yuav tsum xeem nrog ntau cov khoom siv muag khoom. Tus txheej txheem no feem ntau noj 18-24 lub hlis los ntawm thawj silicon rau kev tso tawm ntau lawm.

Tus nqi tus qauv sib txawv ntawm qhov ncaj qha - NTIV NTUJ. Qhov tshwj xeeb DSP, photonic kev koom ua ke, thiab cov khoom siv laser ua haujlwm ntau dua, rov ua haujlwm los ntawm tshem tawm cov nyiaj them tuaj sab nraud thiab txhawb nqa ntev dua. Raug cov khoom ntim cov roj tsav chav tsev nqi them tus nqi siv- ntawm 100,000 teev ib xyoos ib zaug, silicon photonics ua tiav cov kev ua phooj ywg nrog kev sib dhos ua ke; Ntawm lab lab ntawm cov chav nyob, silicon muab 50-60% raug nqi txo.

Cov qauv fragmentation ua tiav kev xa khoom. Thaum 400zr ua tiav qhov kev saws me nyuam, txuas ntxiv nyiam qhib openzr + thiab cov tswv cuab cov qauv kev ua lag luam. Cov khoom siv uas yuav tsum tau ua kom haum rau kev hloov pauv hloov tus neeg muag khoom ...}} hauv thiab multi- tus txiv neej ua hauj lwm. Kev lag luam Consortia ua haujlwm rau kev ua qauv zoo dua, tab sis kev ua tau zoo sib txawv kev txhawb kev txuas ntxiv.

Lub Hwj Chim Ntsuas rau 800g thiab 1.6T thawb txhua qhov kev txwv ib txhij. Doubling cov ntaub ntawv tus nqi thaum tswj cov nyiaj siv hluav taws xob yuav tsum muaj 5nm lossis 3nm dsps, txhim kho cov ntawv sau daws, thiab kev sib xyaw ua ke zoo dua qub. Tsuas yog ntsuas 400g architect linearly yuav ntau tshaj lub zog muaj lub zog thiab cov kev txwv kub. Cov txuj ci tshiab zoo li cov teeb liab kev ua haujlwm, kho qhov muag sib luag, thiab heterogeneous chipnet architectures ua kom tawg cov kev txwv no.

 

Kev Lag Luam Kev Lag Luam thiab Kev Thov Cov Ntawv

 

Cov ntaub ntawv Call Interconnect cov ntawv thov tsav tsheb thawj zaug kev txhawb nqa tau yooj yim. Cov neeg muab kev pab huab sib txuas cov chaw sib txuas 40 {}}}} 12 km sib cais ua ke txhua xyoo, hloov cov khoom siv thauj nrog nraim ncaj {}} rau-router sib txuas. Qhov no "IP dhau dwdm" architecture yooj yim tes hauj lwm, txo kev noj hluav taws xob, thiab txhim kho kev lag luam los ntawm cov khoom siv tsawg dua thiab cov qauv ua haujlwm.

Cov xov tooj sib tw tswj cov kev xav tau sib txawv. Metro thiab cheeb tsam ntawm cheeb tsam tes hauj lwm txuas 200 {}}}}}}}}}}}}}} Koj xav tau kev ua haujlwm siab dua DCI optimized modules xa. Telco -} qib qib muaj xws li kev soj ntsuam, thiab cov neeg muaj lub siab ntseeg txoj kev ntseeg tau. Opurzr + thiab cov txheej txheem txheej txheem ntawm cov kev xav tau no nrog ntau cov peev xwm muaj peev xwm ntau dua, kho qhov zoo, thiab cov haujlwm txhawb nqa.

Submarine cable tshuab sawv cev rau kev ua tau zoo sensacle. Transotanic cov ntawv thov kom muaj peev xwm tshaj plaws rau kev ua kom muaj roj fiber ntau thiab muaj kev ntseeg siab tshaj plaws muab rau cov chaw xa khoom tsis tau. Cov tshuab siv kev sib koom tes ua kom zoo rau cov ntawv txuas ntxiv rau kev ntsuas Fiber ntau dua Cable Lifetimes ntawm 25+} xyoo xav tau cov kev tsim nyog ua haujlwm tshaj plaws dhau ntawm cov qauv coj mus muag.

5G thauj khoom tsim cov kev thov tawm ntawm kev sib txuam optics. Txawb network densification thiab bandwidth kev loj hlob tsav fiber ntau yam rau ntawm lub chaw ntawm tes thaub qab thiab Midhabaul. Coherent Transceage txhawb kev muaj cov kub muaj zog ua kom cov chaw nyob sab nraud lossis cov kab ke. Lub 100g coherent kev siv hauv kev cog lus, hwj chim -}}}}}}} ສ efficienticienticient pack້ອມ Cov ntu no, kev lag luam siab tshaj plaws rau cov nqi thiab ruuggedness.

Enterprise Networks keeb kwm siv ncaj qha - Nrhiav Optics muab luv luv thiab qis dua bandwidth. Txawm li cas los xij, 400g lub tsev kawm ntawv tom qab thiab inter {{- Lub tsev sib txuas nce ntxiv justerent kev sib txuas lus. Kev hloov kho tau yooj yim los ntawm cov ntawv sau cov khoom thiab cov poob poob cov nqi nthuav dav ua lag luam tshaj li qub tsheb thauj khoom.

 

Thev naus laus zis thiab yav tom ntej cov lus qhia

 

800g coherent transceivers nkag rau ntau lawm hauv 2024, ntiav 5nm DSP thiab txhim kho kev schemes. Ntawm 90 {-} 100 gbd cim tus nqi nrog 16-Qam lossis 8-Qam kev hloov pauv, cov khoom siv 400g ob daim ntawv zoo sib xws. Kev siv hluav taws xob nce nce siab txog 18-22W rau OSFP kev siv, nyob rau ntawm ntug kev ua haujlwm muaj peev xwm. Cov ntaub ntawv kev khwv nyiaj txiag no tseem muaj kev sib txuas rau cov khoom siv muaj txiaj ntsig ob npaug ntawm cov khoom siv fiber ntau ntxiv rau cov khoom lag luam muaj fiber ntau ntxiv.

1.6T coherent sawv cev rau txoj kev txhim kho tam sim no frontier. Ua qauv qhia ua tiav tus lej no ntawm 140 6} Yog cov lag luam kev lag luam Awaitions 3nm DSP muaj kev txhim kho muaj thiab txuas ntxiv Photonic. Hloov lwm txoj kev sib txawv, dual - tus cab kuj 800g kev siv ntau ntau ntau 800g channel hauv ib qho module. Txoj kev zoo nyob ntawm txoj kev ua tau zoo, lub hom phiaj them nqi, thiab sijhawm - kev txiav txim siab ua lag luam.

Tshaj li hluav taws xob DSPs, kho qhov muag teeb liab kev ua muaj cov peev txheej txuag hluav taws xob. Ua rau qee qhov sib luag, kev them nyiaj tsis raug, lossis theem rov qab hauv qhov muag kho qhov muag siv tau siv lub photonic circuits yuav txo DSP cov kab ke. Txawm li cas los xij, kev ua luam tawm tsis muaj qhov hloov tau thiab hloov kho tau ntawm cov ntawv siv digital, txwv tsis pub siv rau qee yam, zoo} cov yam ntxwv tsis ua.

Quantum Kev Sib Txuas Lus Kev Sib Tham Txog Kev Sib Koom Tes rau Quantum Ntsiab Lus. Cov theem ua kom meej thiab tswj polarization yuav tsum muaj rau Qua Quantum hais txog kev sib hloov pauv kev hloov pauv tau. Thaum lub sij hawm niche hnub no, quantum networks tej zaum yuav txais kho vajtse ua lub hauv paus, tsim cov synergies ntawm classical thiab quantum kev sib txuas lus.

Cov ntawv thov kev txawj ntse kev txawj ntse thawb bandwidth yuav tsum tau ntau dua. Kev cob qhia cov hom lus loj sib xws muab suav nrog ntau txhiab tus GPUS, tsim cov khoom lag luam sab hnub tuaj hauv exabytes txhua hli. Qhov kev siv hluav taws xob no ntau ntxiv rau nws cov khoom siv zoo rau nws cov khoom zoo tshaj- deb cov khoom, txawm tias nyob hauv ib lub tsev. Raws li Ai cov haujlwm loj hlob tuaj, lawv yuav dhau los ua tus neeg tsav tsheb uas muaj kev hloov pauv ntawm kev sib hloov hloov.

 

Tag

 

Cov kev xav tau thev naus laus zis thev naus laus zis los ntawm kev hloov pauv hloov qia los ntawm kev txiav txim siab siv sia physics txwv thiab cov phiaj xwm ua tau zoo. Cov theem manipulating kho qhov muag thiab kev siv xim polarization xav tau nanometer - nplai tswj ntawm photoctures. Ua Gigabits Ib lub cim ntawm MultigigaTerz tus nqi yuav tsum txiav {{3} ntug cov txheej txheem teeb liab. Kev sib xyaw ua ke cov peev xwm no rau hauv kev cog lus, hwj huam ua pob ua ke thawb cov pob zeb semiconductor, Phoonics, thiab ntim thev naus laus zis rau lawv cov kev txwv.

Kev nce qib txuas ntxiv los ntawm kev nce qib kev ua haujlwm thoob plaws ntau txoj kev qhuab qhia. DSP cov qauv tsim qauv ntsws ua kom cov txheej txheem thiab ua kom zoo ua kom zoo algorithms. Photonics engineers tsim tau zoo dua modulators thiab qis-} tsis muaj kev koom ua ke. Cov Kws Tsim Qauv Txheej Txheem Tshis Qhov Txheej Txheem Txheej Txheem Kev Ua Yeeb Yam, cov cim feem, thiab FEC ua ntej rau kev siv cov ntawv thov phiaj. Qhov tshwm sim yog txhim kho kev txhim kho hauv lub peev xwm, ncav cuag, thiab tus nqi- ua hauj lwm zoo uas ua rau nthuav tawm cov peev txheej network.

Kev nkag siab yog vim li cas txoj kev hloov transceivers xws li kev ua lag luam siab tshaj plaws - tawm ntawm cov khoom siv kho kho qhov muag. Txhua qhov tsim xaiv - 7nm kev tiv thaiv lithium niobate modulation, 16-QAM Modulation lithculation lithculate lithium Cov thev naus laus zis txuas ntxiv hloov zuj zus sai, tsav los ntawm insatiable bandwidth kev thov thiab ua haujlwm los ntawm kev ua haujlwm ntawm semiconductor.